Abstract
AbstractThe ice‐covered period on lakes in the northern hemisphere has often been neglected or assumed to have less importance relative to the open water season. However, recent studies challenge this convention, suggesting that the winter period is more dynamic than previously thought. In this review, we synthesize the current understanding of under‐ice carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) dynamics, highlighting the annual importance of CO2 and CH4 emissions from lakes at ice‐melt. We compiled data from 25 studies that showed that the ice‐melt period represents 17% and 27% of the annual CO2 and CH4 emissions, respectively. We also found evidence that the magnitude and type of emission (i.e., CO2 and CH4) varies with characteristics of lakes including geographic location, lake morphometry, and physicochemical conditions. The scarcity of winter and spring carbon data from northern lakes represents a major gap in our understanding of annual budgets in these lakes and calls for future research during this key period.
Highlights
The ice-covered period on lakes in the northern hemisphere has often been neglected or assumed to have less importance relative to the open water season
The winter period has traditionally been excluded from annual C and nutrient budgets, it is becoming clear that under-ice processes and subsequent ice-melt emissions play an important role in determining the amount and type (i.e., CO2 and CH4) of greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted from northern lakes on an annual cycle (Striegl et al 2001; Karlsson et al 2013; Ducharme-Riel et al 2015; Denfeld et al 2016; Wik et al 2016)
External CO2 and CH4 imported from land directly contributes to internal lake GHGs, and this applies to the ice cover period as well
Summary
The ice-covered period on lakes in the northern hemisphere has often been neglected or assumed to have less importance relative to the open water season. The winter period has traditionally been excluded from annual C and nutrient budgets, it is becoming clear that under-ice processes and subsequent ice-melt emissions play an important role in determining the amount and type (i.e., CO2 and CH4) of greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted from northern lakes on an annual cycle (Striegl et al 2001; Karlsson et al 2013; Ducharme-Riel et al 2015; Denfeld et al 2016; Wik et al 2016).
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