A Sustainable and Global Health Perspective of the Dietary Pattern of French Population during the 1998–2015 Period from INCA Surveys

Anthony Fardet,Edmond Rock,Laurent Gerbaud,David Thivel

doi:10.3390/su13137433

Abstract

In France, the evolution of dietary pattern relative to sustainability and global health remains insufficiently studied. The objective of this study was to assess dietary changes during 1998–2015 through three generic metrics potentially related to sustainability. Food consumption data were collected from three French National Individual Study of Food Consumption surveys (INCA) for children (0–17 years) and adults (18–79 years) representative of the French population. The consumed foods were converted into plant (metric 1) and non-ultra-processed (UPF, metric 2) calories, and analyzed in meeting dietary recommended intakes (metric 3). French children and adults consumed high levels of animal and UPF calories, and nutrient deficiencies were observed in adults from the 2015 survey, e.g., fiber, EPA, DHA, magnesium, retinol, and vitamin C. In children, UPF daily calories increased from 42.8 to 45.5% and decreased in adults from 39.2 to 35.0%. In children and adults, diet revegetation was observed. While the level of physical activity decreased, overweight, obesity and type 2 diabetes prevalence increased in French adults. The French dietary pattern is not sustainable for global health unless public health policy is reinforced, with at least a twofold decrease in animal and UPF calories and improved food diversity.

Highlights

Western countries, including France, have faced an important nutrition transition for the last seven decades, i.e., after the Second World War, nutrition began to be characterized by a progressive increase in animal and ultra-processed food (UPF) product consumption [1,2,3,4]
The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the evolution of the health and sustainable potentials of the French dietary pattern during 1998–2015 based on the newly developed global health-related 3V index
Data for food consumption (g/day), overweight/obesity prevalence, and level of physical activity by age group were collected from the three National Individual Study of Food (INCA) reports [55,56,57] ( available at https://www.anses.fr/fr/content/les-%C3%A9tudes-inca)

Summary

Introduction

Western countries, including France, have faced an important nutrition transition for the last seven decades, i.e., after the Second World War, nutrition began to be characterized by a progressive increase in animal and ultra-processed food (UPF) product consumption [1,2,3,4].This transition is at work in emerging countries such as Brazil [5], some SoutheastAsian countries [6,7], and China [8] and is emerging in developing countries such as those in Africa [9]. Western countries, including France, have faced an important nutrition transition for the last seven decades, i.e., after the Second World War, nutrition began to be characterized by a progressive increase in animal and ultra-processed food (UPF) product consumption [1,2,3,4]. This transition is at work in emerging countries such as Brazil [5], some Southeast.

Objectives

Methods

Discussion

Conclusion