A Survey Technique for Determining The Representativeness of Urban Air Monitoring Stations With Respect to Carbon Monoxide

Abstract

An air quality survey technique for measuring the horizontal spatial variation of carbon monoxide concentrations in urban areas is described; it was used to determine how representative an urban air monitoring station is of concentrations throughout the city. The survey technique was applied in San Jose, Calif., where 1128 samples were collected over a six-month period and were compared with the values recorded simultaneously at the urban air monitoring station. All samples were collected at “breathing height” within a 13-square-mile grid which included the downtown area as well as surrounding residential and industrial locations. Three basic sampling strategies were employed to answer specific questions about the distribution of carbon monoxide concentration: (7) walking sampling, in which samples were obtained while walking along the sidewalks of congested downtown streets, (2) random spatial sampling, in which samples were collected at randomly selected points in the urban grid, and (3) specialized sampling in the immediate vicinity of the air monitoring station. The results indicate that pedestrians on downtown streets in San Jose can be exposed to concentrations above the federal air quality standards without these values being observed at the air monitoring station. There also is evidence that, at any instant of time, similar values of carbon monoxide exist throughout this city (within a 13-square mile area), provided that measurements are not made in close proximity to streets. Furthermore, the higher concentrations observed in the immediate vicinity of streets decrease quite rapidly with increasing horizontal distance from these streets. These findings, in the view of the authors, raise serious doubts as to whether it is possible to determine if air quality standards as currently defined are actually being met in urban areas using data from present-day air monitoring stations.