Abstract
Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology is one of the promising technologies for fifth generation (5G) cellular communications. In this technology, each cell has a base station (BS) with a large number of antennas, allowing the simultaneous use of the same resources (e.g., frequency and/or time slots) by multiple users of a cell. Therefore, massive MIMO systems can bring very high spectral and power efficiencies. However, this technology faces some important issues that need to be addressed. One of these issues is the performance degradation due to hardware impairments, since low-cost RF chains need to be employed. Another issue is the channel estimation and channel aging effects, especially in fast mobility environments. In this paper we will perform a comprehensive study on these two issues considering two of the most promising candidate waveforms for massive MIMO systems: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and single-carrier frequency domain processing (SC-FDP). The studies and the results show that hardware impairments and inaccurate channel knowledge can degrade the performance of massive MIMO systems extensively. However, using suitable low complex estimation and compensation techniques and also selecting a suitable waveform can reduce these effects.
Highlights
Increasing number of users and strong demand for high data rate have forced researchers to increase the capacity and spectral efficiency of generation wireless communications
The results show that massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) can improve the performance of wireless sensor networks (WSN), and the power saving in these networks replicates the power savings obtained in massive MIMO mobile communications
First we introduce the basic concepts of massive MIMO systems and explain how they give the ability to the users to use the same physical layer resources, simultaneously
Summary
Increasing number of users and strong demand for high data rate have forced researchers to increase the capacity and spectral efficiency of generation wireless communications. In massive MIMO technology, a large number of antennas is used at the BS which increases the spatial resolution and increases the spectral and power efficiency of the communications systems. Each of these technologies can separately increase the capacity of wireless communication systems considerably, and using them together can increase the capacity of the system even more [2]. Since in massive MIMO systems we have large number of antennas at the BS, we have to use low-cost RF chains to have a cost effective system This results in hardware impairments and degrades the performance of the system. We use ln(.), log (.), and limx→∞ f ( x ) to show the natural logarithm function, logarithm function with base 2, and limit of function f ( x ) when its argument tends to infinity
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