Abstract
In this paper, we provide a survey on available numerical approaches for solving low-thrust trajectory optimization problems. First, a general mathematical framework based on hybrid optimal control will be presented. This formulation and their elements, namely objective function, continuous and discrete state and controls, and discrete and continuous dynamics, will serve as a basis for discussion throughout the whole manuscript. Thereafter, solution approaches for classical continuous optimal control problems will be briefly introduced and their application to low-thrust trajectory optimization will be discussed. A special emphasis will be placed on the extension of the classical techniques to solve hybrid optimal control problems. Finally, an extensive review of traditional and state-of-the art methodologies and tools will be presented. They will be categorized regarding their solution approach, the objective function, the state variables, the dynamical model, and their application to planetocentric or interplanetary transfers.
Highlights
The exploration and exploitation of outer space play an essential role in the efficient functioning of modern societies
We provide a general mathematical framework based on hybrid optimal control that is key to review the existing approaches and to develop new techniques customized for the concurrent engineering design of space missions
Some previous approaches correspond to software tools designed for optimizing low-thrust trajectories (e.g., DIRETTO, MAVERICK, Mcoll, COLT), while others are general-purpose products for solving Optimal Control Problem (OCP) that have been used for solving low-thrust transfer problems (e.g., DITAN, MODHOC, OTIS, SOCS, GPOPS, DIDO)
Summary
The exploration and exploitation of outer space play an essential role in the efficient functioning of modern societies. It contributes to advance scientific knowledge and technology innovation, to meet global challenges on Earth, as well as to generate substantial commercial revenues. Space activities have been dominated by space-faring countries with large economies, a few big commercial enterprises, and little competition. Over the past decade, the number of private and public players involved in space activities has increased. The space sector is undergoing fundamental transformations towards a more global and diverse ecosystem with a mix of government and commercial initiatives, a variety of contractors, and stiff competition. Envisioned projects include megaconstellations of small satellites orbiting Earth, probes landing on the moons of outer planets, and human settlements being established on Mars
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