Abstract
Today, the use of wireless sensor networks has grown rapidly; however, wireless sensor networks are prone to receiving cyber-physical attacks. Time synchronization is a fundamental requirement for protocols in wired and wireless sensor network applications; hence, secure time synchronization is also crucial. This paper presents an introduction to time synchronization, including the concepts, challenges, and requirements of time synchronization protocols. The scope of the paper includes both software- and hardware-based protocols. Then, different time synchronization methods are analyzed. Moreover, research progress in secure time synchronization is reviewed. The survey also discusses the weaknesses of current secure time synchronization protocols and provides suggestions for future research directions. This survey aims to highlight research progress and trends in time synchronization and secure time synchronization.
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