Abstract
A worldwide estimate of over one million STIs are acquired daily and there is a desperate need for effective preventive as well as therapeutic measures to curtail this global health burden. Vaccines have been the most effective means for the control and potential eradication of infectious diseases; however, the development of vaccines against STIs has been a daunting task requiring extensive research for the development of safe and efficacious formulations. Nanoparticle-based vaccines represent a promising platform as they offer benefits such as targeted antigen presentation and delivery, co-localized antigen-adjuvant combinations for enhanced immunogenicity, and can be designed to be biologically inert. Here we discuss promising types of nanoparticles along with outcomes from nanoparticle-based vaccine preclinical studies against non-viral STIs including chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, and recommendations for future nanoparticle-based vaccines against STIs.
Highlights
Transmitted infections (STIs) are among the most common public health burdens worldwide (Thomas et al, 2019)
We review the implications of nanoparticlebased vaccines and the outcomes of current delivery systems used in nanoparticle-based vaccines against non-viral pathogens, including the bacterial pathogens Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Protein nanoparticles have been utilized in many preclinical vaccine studies for hepatitis B, human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with promising outcomes including the induction of antigen specific antibodies and viral clearance in animal models (Kirnbauer et al, 1992; Oh et al, 2004; Slupetzky et al, 2007; Paz De la Rosa et al, 2009; Tyler et al, 2014; Sliepen et al, 2015; Motevalli et al, 2018; Tokatlian et al, 2019; Wang et al, 2020; Ximba et al, 2020)
Summary
Transmitted infections (STIs) are among the most common public health burdens worldwide (Thomas et al, 2019). Nanoparticles are small particles that typically range between 1 and 100 nm in size and display disparate physical and chemical properties when compared to their larger bulk material equivalents (Jeevanandam et al, 2018), as their high surface area to volume ratio increases reactivity at the molecular level (Mourdikoudis et al, 2018) This intrinsic feature of nanoparticles allows them to exhibit distinct physical, chemical, and optical properties that enhance their versatility (Mourdikoudis et al, 2018) to be engineered for enhanced immune modulation and tailored antigen delivery. The disparate compositions of nanoparticles provide a diverse toolkit for vaccine formulation and enables fine-tuning of key physicochemical properties such as charge, functionalization, and stability (Chattopadhyay et al, 2017) These characteristics (Table 1), in turn, can be used to tune the biological effects of nanoparticle-based vaccines, including delivery, cellular uptake, biodistribution, stability, antigenicity, and efficacy (Al-Halifa et al, 2019). Vault- A natural nanocapsule made from hollow barrel shaped eukaryotic ribonucleoprotein complexes Lipid phytantriol (Phy) and monomycoloyl glycerol-1 (MMG-1) Chitosan
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