Abstract
Magnetic fields have attracted considerable attention in indoor localization due to their ubiquitous and infrastructure-free characteristics. This survey provides a comprehensive review of magnetic-field-based indoor localization methods. We first introduce characteristics of the magnetic field, its advantages, and its challenges. We then describe the magnetometer model and the effect of ferromagnetic interference. We also present coordinate systems commonly used for magnetic field localization and describe their transformation relationships. We then compare the existing publicly available magnetic field benchmark datasets, present magnetometer calibration algorithms, and show how efficiently magnetic field maps can be built. We also summarize state-of-the-art magnetic field localization methods (e.g., magnetic landmarks, dynamic time warping, magnetic fingerprinting, filters, simultaneous localization and mapping, and neural network). The smartphone-based pedestrian dead reckoning approach is also reviewed.
Highlights
The global indoor positioning market size is expected to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 22.5% from USD 6.1 billion in 2020 to USD 17 billion by 2025
This review aims to provide a comprehensive awareness of magnetic fingerprintingbased localization techniques used in indoor environments
Several coordinate systems commonly used for magnetic field localization were presented, and their transformation relationships were described
Summary
The global indoor positioning market size is expected to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 22.5% from USD 6.1 billion in 2020 to USD 17 billion by 2025. While GNSS is challenging to meet indoor positioning requirements due to signal attenuation and obstacles, many alternative technologies and devices are used for indoor positioning, such as WiFi [2], Bluetooth [3,4], ultrasound or sound [5,6], visible light [7,8], and magnetic field [9,10] These indoor positioning technologies can obtain accurate location information and provide consumers with reliable location-based services and information. There are few surveys dedicated to magnetic field indoor localization technologies that focus on the challenges and advancement of geomagnetism-based indoor localization for smartphones [10,17] and the magnetic field matching algorithms [18]. An overview of the advantages and challenges of magnetic-field-based indoor localization; This survey is structured as follows: Section 2 introduces the characteristics of a geomagnetic field and presents the advantage and challenges of using magnetic fields for localization.
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