Abstract
Very low latency and high reliability are two of the main requirements for new applications exploiting 5G networks. This is the case for the remote operation of robots or vehicles, the autonomous interaction of equipment in a factory, autonomous driving and tactile internet applications. Although the TCP/IP stack has been sufficient as the end-to-end solution for most of the history of the Internet, a number of surveys have appeared recently presenting many different methods for managing the end-to-end communication to meet the requirements of various technologies such as that of 5G networks. In this paper, we present a novel classification of the literature focused on new end-to-end solutions and the creation of services towards the support of low latency (1 ms) and high reliability (10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> error rate) in current and future 5G networks. We specifically highlight how the proposals can be classified according to enabling technologies and the specific method used to achieve success in terms of the latency and reliability. The literature related to end-to-end solutions for reliable low-latency communications are organized according to three main topics: (i) end-to-end protocols that improve communication in terms of latency and reliability, (ii) functionality or technologies implemented on the network to support the current demands, and (iii) application programming interfaces that enhance the correct utilization of those protocols and additional technologies.
Highlights
S INCE their standardization in the 80s, IP, UDP and TCP have positioned themselves as the most important Internet and transport layer protocols [1]–[3]
CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA FOR PREVIOUS WORK we present the classification criteria selected for this survey: enabling technologies, APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE (API), common methods and techniques used to enhance the performance of these approaches, and the parameters extracted from different relevant surveys that have helped in the characterization of the literature
We follow three classification criteria to report some conclusions: first, we analyse the combination of different enabling technologies and evaluate API contributions; we study the KPI concentrations and coverage according to each approach; and we reflect on the different methods used in the literature
Summary
S INCE their standardization in the 80s, IP, UDP and TCP have positioned themselves as the most important Internet and transport layer protocols [1]–[3]. The TCP/IP stack has been sufficient for most of the history of the Internet, recent tendencies in communications are creating a greater challenge with more stringent requirements. The ossification of the Internet stack is a well-known issue [4] that has been aggravated by the arrival of 5G networks. Even though TCP/IP variants are expected to be the main end-to-end transport protocols for applications in 5G networks, these protocols will integrate and collaborate with other enabling technologies to comply with 5G critical requirements.
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