Abstract
Most stakeholder-based research concerning agri-environmental schemes (AES) derives from work engaging with farmers and land managers. Consequently, the voices and opinions of other actors involved in AES tends to be unrepresented in the wider literature. One group of actors that seem particularly overlooked in this respect are private (independent) farm advisors (i.e., the consultants contracted by farmers and land managers to advise-on AES and agronomic matters). To begin to rectify this knowledge gap we developed an exploratory online survey to explore private farm advisor perspectives in the UK; specifically, the situation in England and advisors' experience of Natural England’s Environmental Stewardship programme. A total of 251 Natural England registered farm advisors (29.9%) completed our survey. The majority of these had knowledge and expertise in relation to two (31.5%) or three (42.2%) Environmental Stewardship schemes, with proficiency in ELS (93.4%) and HLS (82.8%) being the most common. On average, advisors had 9.6±5.6yrs of experience and operated (75.3%) in a single region of England. Although our results concentrated upon a relatively simple set of initial topics of inquiry, the survey revealed a number of interesting findings. Firstly; for example, that in the opinion of the advisors working with farmers applying for Environmental Stewardship schemes, the 'knowledge-exchange encounter' occurring between themselves, their clients and Natural England is fundamental to the environmental effectiveness of these schemes as well as their farm business compatibility. Secondly, respondents suggested that beneath this ‘encounter’ lie tensions arising from the competing agendas and objectives of the different actors involved which can affect the content of agreements; for instance, farmer selection of management options versus Natural England's target environmental objectives. Farm advisors suggested that they had to negotiate this balance whilst also serving the needs of their clients. Thirdly, respondents raised issues concerning the complicated nature of scheme arrangements, both from their own and farmers’ perspectives, as well as the adequacy of payments to cover input costs and matters regarding contractual compliance, all of which theyproposed affected farmer participation. Looking ahead, we believe that future AES should account for all of these issues in their design to aid long-term farmer participation, effective agreement implementation and beneficial environmental management.
Highlights
Driven by a range of complex local and global drivers food production and domestic consumption patterns have undergone rapid transformationsA.P
Understanding clients: farmer motivations Identifying the most common motivating factors leading farmers and land managers to engage with Environmental Stewardship, we found that advisors felt both extrinsic and intrinsic values played a motivating role (Table 1)
Our survey has provided an important exploratory assessment of the English experience of Environmental Stewardship viewed through the lens of independent farm advisors: the views of whom are under-represented in the existing literature
Summary
Driven by a range of complex local and global drivers (e.g., globalisation, food security concerns) food production and domestic consumption patterns have undergone rapid transformationsA.P. AES operate through voluntary contractual agreements and provide farmers with payments in return for the delivery of environmental public goods and services and/or the adoption of modern environmentally-friendly farming practices (Garrod, 2009; Lastra-Bravo et al, 2015; Lefebrve et al, 2015) Their implementation is based on the subsidiarity principle, meaning that AES are specially designed to negotiate the particular productionconservation circumstances faced by individual Member States, which they achieve by addressing three intertwined matters, namely: greening farming practices; reducing food production impacts on biodiversity and improving overall countryside management (European Commission, 2005; Smits et al, 2008; European Court of Auditors, 2011; McCormack, 2012; Allen and Hart, 2013; Burton and Schwarz, 2013)
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