Abstract
3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are critical protein-bound uremic toxins that occur during chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study offers the first reported instance of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) coupled with an Au nanoparticle substrate for the simple quantification of CMPF and IAA in human serum samples. The detection limits of the CMPF and IAA analysis were estimated to be 0.04 nM (S/N = 3) and 0.05 μM (S/N = 3), respectively. The results demonstrate that the SERS technique is fast-acting and highly sensitive when it comes to the simultaneous and individual quantitative detection of CMPF and IAA in biological samples. We believe that this analytical tool could serve as a very useful method for practical applications during the analysis of CMPF and IAA in the serum and urine of patients at all stages of CKD and of healthy volunteers as well as in various reservoirs.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an emerging world health problem.[1]
One class of uremic toxins is protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) that mainly bind with human serum albumin (HSA) and are not removed by conventional hemodialysis and is of major concern.6,7 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) and indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) are critical PBUTs
The slide format of Au nanoparticle surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates was utilized in this study for the detection and quanti cation of CMPF and IAA in saline as a model matrix
Summary
The determination of these compounds on a repeated basis during a dialysis session would provide a greater understanding of the CKD pathology and a diagnostic strategy for predicting disease progression and complications. There is a demand to develop new, simple techniques that can overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages and act with high speci city, sensitivity and reproducibility for the reliable determination of PBUTs in biological samples. Apart from the prominent peaks, there are bands attributed to asymmetric and symmetric furan aromatic ring torsions between 1000 and 1050 cmÀ1 as well as nC–CH3 vibrations (associated with the CH3 umbrella mode) around 1325 and 1375 cmÀ1. The presence of AuNPs induced the observed SERS signals due to their inherent inter-particulate gaps; closer gaps generate hot spot effects.[24] It is noteworthy to mention that the peak intensity increased as the CMPF concentration in the saline solution increased from 0.001 to 0.005 mg mLÀ1. Raman spectra of the IAA powder as a reference sample and its different concentrations (0.01, 0.02, and 0.035 mg mLÀ1) in saline. The singlet band at 921 cmÀ1 belongs to the gOH vibration
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