Abstract
Background: Over the past twenty years, a multifaceted anti-doping system was established to detect, deter, and prevent doping among athletes. However, perception of the whereabouts system has been a controversial issue. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the effects of refutation text intervention on the perception of the whereabouts system. Methods: In two studies, we tested whether (1) detailed refutation texts are perceived as more effective than simply refuting with a true or false claim among 132 athletes (47.73% female, mean age = 20.99 ± 2.11), and if (2) refutation text intervention can alter the perception of the whereabouts system among 177 athletes (53.11% female, mean age = 21.17 ± 2.27). Descriptive statistics were calculated, followed by a one-sample T-test, independent T-test, chi-square test, and a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: The results demonstrate that five true/false statements were developed as refutation texts, and the mean accuracy of the true/false test is less than the probability of guess (p < 0.05, d = −0.18). In addition, detailed refutation texts evoked significantly greater perceived effectiveness than the simple refutation texts (p < 0.01, d = 0.66). Furthermore, the refutation text intervention enhanced the positive perception of the whereabouts system (p < 0.01, η2 = 0.15). Conclusions: Our findings support the efficacy of refutation texts to improve the misperception of anti-doping regimes among athletes and have implications for future education prevention initiatives.
Highlights
Published: 13 February 2022Over the past twenty years, the prevalence of prohibited substances among elite and sub-elite athletes has been a remaining issue in anti-doping work [1,2]
Some researchers reviewed the perceptions of the anti-doping system and found that the perceived effectiveness regarding the whereabouts system has been a controversial issue among athletes [4,5,6]
Future investigations are required to evaluate the long-term impact of the refutation text intervention. This pilot study represents the first attempt to modify the misperception of whereabouts system
Summary
Over the past twenty years, the prevalence of prohibited substances among elite and sub-elite athletes has been a remaining issue in anti-doping work [1,2]. Some researchers reviewed the perceptions of the anti-doping system and found that the perceived effectiveness regarding the whereabouts system has been a controversial issue among athletes [4,5,6]. Lyu, Fu, and Wang [20] found that refutation text intervention reinforced patients’ trust toward the doctor These findings provide insight into reducing athletes’ cognitive bias towards the whereabouts system. The refutation texts currently used in anti-doping education programmes still do not provide an explanation of correct answers. This measure is inconsistent with the Knowledge Revisions. The second objective was to explore the effects of refutation text intervention on the perception of the whereabouts system
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