A Sulfated Polysaccharide from Saccharina japonica Suppresses LPS-Induced Inflammation Both in a Macrophage Cell Model via Blocking MAPK/NF-κB Signal Pathways In Vitro and a Zebrafish Model of Embryos and Larvae In Vivo.

Abstract

Inflammation is a complicated host-protective response to stimuli and toxic conditions, and is considered as a double-edged sword. A sulfated Saccharina japonica polysaccharide (LJPS) with a sulfate content of 9.07% showed significant inhibitory effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and zebrafish. Its chemical and structural properties were investigated via HPLC, GC, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy. In vitro experiments demonstrated that LJPS significantly inhibited the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) via the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β production via the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathways in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, LJPS showed strong protective effects against LPS-induced inflammatory responses in zebrafish, increasing the survival rate, reducing the heart rate and yolk sac edema size, and inhibiting cell death and the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO. Its convenience for large-scale production and significant anti-inflammatory activity indicated the potential application of LJPS in functional foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.