A study on volatile organic compounds emitted by in-vitro lung cancer cultured cells using gas sensor array and SPME-GCMS

Reena Thriumani,Amanina Iymia Jeffree,Krishna C Persaud,Mohammad Iqbal Omar,Khaled Mohamed Helmy,Ali Yeon Md Shakaff,Latifah Munirah Kamarudin,Ammar Zakaria,Yumi Zuhanis Has-Yun Hashim,Abdul Hamid Adom

doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4235-7

Reena Thriumani, Amanina Iymia Jeffree + Show 8 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4235-7

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Abstract

BackgroundVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from exhaled breath from human bodies have been proven to be a useful source of information for early lung cancer diagnosis. To date, there are still arguable information on the production and origin of significant VOCs of cancer cells. Thus, this study aims to conduct in-vitro experiments involving related cell lines to verify the capability of VOCs in providing information of the cells.MethodThe performances of e-nose technology with different statistical methods to determine the best classifier were conducted and discussed. The gas sensor study has been complemented using solid phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry. For this purpose, the lung cancer cells (A549 and Calu-3) and control cell lines, breast cancer cell (MCF7) and non-cancerous lung cell (WI38VA13) were cultured in growth medium.ResultsThis study successfully provided a list of possible volatile organic compounds that can be specific biomarkers for lung cancer, even at the 24th hour of cell growth. Also, the Linear Discriminant Analysis-based One versus All-Support Vector Machine classifier, is able to produce high performance in distinguishing lung cancer from breast cancer cells and normal lung cells.ConclusionThe findings in this work conclude that the specific VOC released from the cancer cells can act as the odour signature and potentially to be used as non-invasive screening of lung cancer using gas array sensor devices.

Highlights

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from exhaled breath from human bodies have been proven to be a useful source of information for early lung cancer diagnosis
This study successfully provided a list of possible volatile organic compounds that can be specific biomarkers for lung cancer, even at the 24th hour of cell growth
To the best of author knowledge, this paper presents a novel work by investigating the use of Naïve Bayes (NB) and One versus All-Support Vector Machine (OVA-SVM) to classify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the in-vitro cell lines using e-nose

Summary

Introduction

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from exhaled breath from human bodies have been proven to be a useful source of information for early lung cancer diagnosis. The application of low dose computed tomography (LDCT) as an early stage lung cancer screening technique shows reduction in the number of lung cancer-based deaths [6]. This method exposed patients to great risk as the high amount of radiation used can lead to several complications [4, 7]. A new screening approach based on the cell biology theory [4] using the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) linked to lung cancer has been receiving considerable attention from researchers. This new screening technique is noninvasive, reliable and inexpensive [10, 11]

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