Abstract
Since 2020, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has tightened regulations on the emissions of sulfur oxides from ships from less than 3.5% to less than 0.5%. As a countermeasure, shipping companies can adopt one of three potential solutions: using low sulfur fuel (LSFO), installing scrubbers, or using liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel. However, considering the environmental aspects such as the UN greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction program and the reduction of fine dust generation in port areas, LNG fuel is ultimately considered to be the most ideal method in the marine industry. In line with this international trend, major port authorities are considering building LNG bunkering stations, but the proper methods and criteria for estimating the size of LNG bunkering infrastructure are not clear. This study proposes a method of estimating the size of LNG infrastructure required with consideration for the operational status of ports according to the estimated amount of bunkering demand at a future time with the case study of Busan Port in Korea. In order to estimate the detailed demand amount by inbound vessels, a simulation modeling technique is applied as a tool of research.
Highlights
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has decided to limit the emission standards for sulfur oxides in navigational fuel oil to a limit of 0.50% from January 1, 2020 [1]
This study proposes a method of estimating the size of liquefied natural gas (LNG) infrastructure required with consideration for the operational status of ports according to the estimated amount of bunkering demand at a future time with the case study of Busan Port in Korea
There is no mention of how to calculate the quantity of LNG storage tanks, LNG bunkering stations, LNG tank lorries (LNGTLs), jetty berths, or LNG bunkering vessels (LNGBVs)
Summary
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has decided to limit the emission standards for sulfur oxides in navigational fuel oil to a limit of 0.50% from January 1, 2020 [1]. The use of LNG fuels is considered the most ideal [3]. In response to this international response trend, major port authorities are considering building LNG bunkering stations, but the proper methods and criteria for estimating the size of LNG bunkering infrastructure are not clear. The International Association of Ports and Harbors (IAPH) has developed three bunkering schemes: Ship-to-Ship (STS), Truck to Ship (TTS), and Shore-to-Ship [5]. The International Association of Ports and Harbors (IAPH) provides advantages and disadvantages [5], safety [6], and operational checklists [7] for the three LNG bunkering schemes. There is no mention of how to calculate the quantity of LNG storage tanks, LNG bunkering stations, LNG tank lorries (LNGTLs), jetty berths, or LNG bunkering vessels (LNGBVs)
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