A study on the effect of compaction on transport properties of soil gas and water I: Relative gas diffusivity, air permeability, and saturated hydraulic conductivity

Abstract

Operation of farm machinery in agricultural fields is the main cause of soil compaction, which may have detrimental effects on soil gas and water transport. However, application of organic matter (OM) reduces the adverse effects of compaction and improves transport properties of soil gases and water. To date, experimental data on the effect of compaction on those transport properties and its relationship to the presence of applied OM remains scarce. The effect of compaction on relative gas diffusivity (Dp/D0)100 and air permeability (ka100) at a soil matric suction of −100cm H2O (soil pF 2.0), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (ks) were investigated using disturbed soil sample taken from 0–15cm layer mixed with rice husk, rice straw, compost, sawdust, and wood bark at a rate of 20% of the soil volume. The common compaction caused by farm machinery in agricultural fields was simulated in the laboratory using a static compression load of 150, 225, and 300kPa. The effect of compaction on total porosity (f) and air content at soil pF 2.0 (ɛ100) was also examined. Compaction reduced f, ɛ100, (Dp/D0)100, ka100, and ks, with the more pronounced significant difference between 150 and 300kPa compactions. The decrease in (Dp/D0)100 was likely attributable to a reduced air content, and the decrease in ka100 and ks was likely attributable to a reduced volume of macropores, as indicated by reduced ɛ100 values. Compared with the control, addition of sawdust and wood bark seemed to have the most positive effect on (Dp/D0)100, ka100, and ks in term of resistance to compaction, while rice straw had the opposite effect. The presence of OM was likely to block the soil pores and increase capillary water in the bottle-neck, leading to lower values of (Dp/D0)100 and ka100 for a given value of ɛ100 (“blockage effect”). These pores blocked by OM, however, seemed to allow the water to flow through the soil matric (“ceramic filter effect”). Further studies on the prolonged application of OM at field scale, taking into account the decomposition process, should be conducted.