A Study on Social and Cultural Factors involved in L1 Attrition among Undergraduate ESL Learners in Pakistan

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Aim of the Study: This study delves into the intricate interplay between second language (L2) proficiency, social, and cultural factors, and their collective influence on first language (L1) attrition among undergraduate ESL learners in a predominantly L1-dominant environment. In a world where English often takes center stage as a global lingua franca, this research scrutinizes the experiences of ESL learners in Pakistan, a context where Urdu is the native language and English holds a dominant position in academia and society. Methodology: Employing a qualitative approach, this study used semi-structured interviews to collect data from ESL undergraduates. The research population was selected from various disciplines in Pakistani universities to ensure diverse perspectives. The qualitative approach employs thematic analysis to uncover rich narratives and insights into participants' experiences. Findings: Through thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews, social and cultural factors contributing to L1 attrition were explored. Several key themes emerged from the qualitative data, including the pressure to prioritize English over Urdu, the impact of language exposure, and the perceived societal value of English proficiency. Notably, participants report experiencing social pressure to prioritize English in both academic and social settings, which can lead to feelings of embarrassment when using Urdu. Exposure to English in media, advertising, and education also emerges as a significant contributor to L1 attrition. Conclusion: This study underscores the need for balanced language approaches that preserve cultural identity. Findings provide insights for educators and policymakers, enhancing our comprehension of socio-cultural aspects affecting L1 attrition among ESL students.