A Study on Decisive Early Stages in White Etching Crack Formation Induced by Lubrication

Abstract

The reliability of rolling bearings is affected by white etching crack (WEC) or white structure flaking (WSF) failures, causing tremendous commercial burdens for bearing manufacturers and operators. The research for the underlying failure mechanism has attracted interest from a large scientific community over decades. Despite the significant amount of efforts, a root cause of white etching cracking is still missing. Amongst other factors, lubricant chemistry is considered to be essential in WEC formation. The authors aim to elucidate this key parameter by provoking white etching crack formation on a FE8 bearing test rig using a well-described set of chemicals in high- and low-reference lubricants. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis prove the presence of a patchy tribofilm on the surface of bearing washers, leading most likely to a higher frictional torque at the early stages of operation when the low reference oil is used. Secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) shows a hydrogen containing tribofilm in the shallow subsurface of about 30 nm depth, suggesting that hydrogen proliferating into bearing material may subsequently facilitate crack propagation via dislocation pileups, leading to premature bearing failure.