Abstract
Today low fertility countries are characterised by low female labour force participation, low gender equity, robust marriage institution, and strong family values. It is presumed that the conflicts between an advanced socioeconomic system and robust family patterns is an important cause of low fertility. Korea is a typical case where the conventional family pattern results in disharmony with socioeconomic development and depresses fertility. The direct cost of children has been rising rapidly due to the Confucian value of education and strong family value. The tight labour market conditions and the increasing uncertainty concerning the future are depressing not only nuptiality, but martial fertility. The robustness of traditional gender role division controls the improvement in compatibility between work and the family and keeps the high opportunity cost of childbearing. Even though the Korean government declared an ambitious pronatal policy, the budget is so limited that its effect is questionable. Moreover, lowest low fertility is attributed to cultural patterns and is beyond family policy.
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