Abstract
In this study, nanosized vanadate-substituted hydroxyapatites doped with 1 mol% and 2 mol% Eu3+ ions were obtained via the precipitation method. To evaluate the structure and morphology of the obtained compounds, the XRPD (X-ray powder diffraction) technique, Rietveld refinement, SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectrometry) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) techniques as well as FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy were performed. Moreover, the chemical formula was confirmed using the ICP-OES (Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy spectroscopy). The calculated average grain size for powders was in the range of 25 to 90 nm. The luminescence properties of vanadium-substituted hydroxyapatite were evaluated by recording emission spectra and excitation spectra as well as luminescence kinetics. The crucial step of this research was the evaluation of the biocompatibility of the synthesized nanomaterials. Therefore, the obtained compounds were tested toward sheep red blood cells and normal human dermal fibroblast to confirm the nontoxicity and biocompatibility of new nanosized Eu3+ ion-doped vanadate-hydroxyapatite. Moreover, the final step of the research allowed us to determine the time dependent ion release to the simulated body fluid environment. The study confirmed cytocompatibility of vanadium hydroxyapatite doped with Eu3+ ions.
Highlights
Received: 1 October 2021The skeletal system of vertebrates is a very complex structure, due to the number and the variety of size or shape of the bones themselves, and due to the complexity of tissues that are in the constant and inseparable neighborhood of bone [1,2].The functional unit of bone is formed by concentric circles that surround a Haversian canal; the whole structure is called the osteon or Haversian system
The gradual increase in the number of vanadate groups in samples of the obtained nanopowder materials eventually led to the gradual decrease in the intensity of the signal from the phosphate groups and the increase in the intensity of the signal from the vanadate groups, which is certainly observed in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffractograms (Figure 1a,b)
The results clearly showed that the selected compounds showed biocompatible properties toward the normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cell line
Summary
The skeletal system of vertebrates is a very complex structure, due to the number and the variety of size or shape of the bones themselves, and due to the complexity of tissues that are in the constant and inseparable neighborhood of bone [1,2]. The functional unit of bone is formed by concentric circles that surround a Haversian canal; the whole structure is called the osteon or Haversian system. This system creates space for nerves and blood vessels, enabling neurotransmission and nutrient delivery as well as the removal of metabolic products [2]. An important and inseparable part of bone structure is cartilage tissue, which adheres to bone structure and forms the articular surface. Especially in the case of serious breakage such as open fractures are a problem in the regeneration of the bone tissue itself, and in the tissues adjacent to the damaged bone such as cartilage, muscle, or nervous tissue as well as skin tissue [4,5,6]
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