Abstract
Abstract A diagnostic second-order turbulence parameterization has been incorporated into a shallow anelastic three-dimensional numerical cloud model. The turbulence closure scheme for the subgrid-scale motions includes the effects of buoyancy, condensation and liquid water drag. This model has been used to study trade wind cumuli which are roughly 1200 m thick. The simulated cloud has many features in common with observed clouds (Malkus, 1954); however, the observed clouds are made up of several thermal elements instead of one as in the numerical simulation, and they persist over a much longer time period. When comparing the present model with another using deformation eddy viscosity, the following results are obtained: 1) The deformation model has a larger smoothing effect on the horizontally averaged potential temperature and water vapor mixing ratio. 2) Early in the cloud's development, the subgrid-scale kinetic energy is larger than the computed-scale kinetic energy. At the mature stage, the subgrid-...
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