Abstract
The city of Baghdad has recently witnessed an increase in urban land due to the recent economic growth, which negatively affected the environment of the study area through the retraction of the agricultural lands surrounding the city. Therefore, we studied the relationship between increasing urban expansion and changes in the local climate of Baghdad for the period from 2008 to 2018. The information derived from the satellites utilized in this search showed the changes in ground cover during the study period, while the evaporation rate data source from the European Center for Forecasting (ECMWF) confirmed the effects of urban expansion on evaporation rates. Increasing urbanization increased evaporation rates and decreased vegetation degradation (NDVI). Satellite data from Landsat )TM( and Landsat )OLI( for 2008, 2013, and 2018 were processed and analyzed using the ArcGIS program. The visuals were classified into urban land, sparse plant, dense plant, water, bare soil, and wet soil. The results of the classification showed that the percentage of urban land was 26.5%, 28.3%, and 30.9% for the years of 2008, 2013, and 2018, respectively. On the other hand, the MNDWI value for the studied years was 2.0%, 1.9% and 3.6%. The highest rate of urbanization was in 2018 which was accompanied by highest evaporation rates. The study proved that there was a significant correlation between increasing urbanization and evaporation rate in the study area. These results indicate that the poor planning of land use leads to negative effects on the local climate.
Highlights
Climate change is a long-term global problem that occurs as a result of complex interactions of environmental, economic, political, social and technological conditions and has significant impacts on the international and regional levels, including the Arabic region
The benefit of satellite remote sensing depends on the integration of high-resolution satellite data to characterize the complex urban land cover tissue that contributes to local climate responses [4]. 2
This indicates that the presence of water in this year was more than other years; the rate of precipitation in 2018 was 0.27 mm, which is higher in comparison with other years
Summary
Climate change is a long-term global problem that occurs as a result of complex interactions of environmental, economic, political, social and technological conditions and has significant impacts on the international and regional levels, including the Arabic region. Climate change and its associated unprecedented acceleration of heat energy change decrease in rainfall, and change in spatial distribution represent clear effects that govern human compatibility with the environment This change is different from one region to another in the world, often with negative effects on water resources. Various activities of humans have accelerated the occurrence of indicators of climate change indirectly by changing the characteristics of the Earth and modifying the water cycle and certain characteristics of the atmosphere These include deforestation, burning, overgrazing, urbanization at the expense of agricultural and forestry lands, agricultural expansion at the expense of forests and pastures, draining swamps, land settlement, dam construction, river diversion, fossil and nuclear fuels in power generation, industry, transport, and others.
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