Abstract
In this study, a vertical flow constructed wetland in batch mode was examined for the removal efficiency of simulated agricultural run-off (SAR) using gravel and soil as substrates, planted with Canna, Typha and Eichhornia plant species in single and mixed culture conditions. From this study, it was found that the constructed wetland (CW) planted with Canna + Eichhornia plant species (mixed) showed maximum removal efficiency of the studied parameters, i.e. phosphates, nitrates and ammonical nitrogen to the tune of 99%, 96% and 98%, respectively of simulated agricultural run-off as compared to other studied CWs. Canna and Typha macrophytes showed higher biomass and chlorophyll content, indicating better tolerance in the mixed culture CW system. Treatment efficiency improved when longer hydraulic retention times (HRTs) were used. Maximum treatment efficiency was shown by hybrid CW, which included the properties of the horizontal flow (HF) and vertical flow (VF) type CWs.
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