A study of neonatal morbidity and mortality patterns in very low birth weight neonates admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit at Al-Ameen Medical College and Hospital, Vijayapura

Abstract

Background: Meticulous documentation of morbidity and mortality is essential for elucidating health patterns. The perinatal and neonatal periods, though brief, are pivotal in revealing the health and socio-biological conditions of vulnerable populations. This study seeks to analyze complex morbidity and mortality trends among neonates in a tertiary NICU. Methods: All VLBW neonates admitted to our NICU from April 2023 to March 2024 were analyzed. We gathered comprehensive maternal data, including age, socioeconomic status, and health risk factors. Excluding congenital anomalies, the study assessed demographic profiles, short-term morbidity, and outcomes. Results: In our NICU, 280 very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates were admitted, with 155 males (55.3%) and 125 females (44.7%). The mean birth weight was 1.240±0.110 kg for males and 1.270±0.105 kg for females. Among these, 170 (60.7%) were small for gestational age (SGA), 60 (21.4%) appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and 50 (17.9%) intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR). The gestational age distribution was: less than 28 weeks, 17 (6%); 28-32 weeks, 155 (55.3%); 32-34 weeks, 47 (16.9%); and 34-36 weeks, 61 (21.8%). Of the 280 neonates, 208 (74.2%) survived, while 72 (25.8%) did not. The leading causes of mortality were sepsis, with 39 deaths (54.2%), and respiratory distress syndrome, with 27 deaths (37.6%). Conclusions: Birth asphyxia, prematurity, jaundice, neonatal sepsis, and respiratory issues significantly contribute to neonatal mortality and morbidity. To mitigate these, it is vital to enhance prenatal care, ensure skilled birth attendance, expand NICU facilities, implement routine screenings, enforce stringent infection control and educate parents.