Abstract
This paper investigates the dielectric properties of urine in normal subjects and subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at microwave frequency of between 0.2 GHz and 50 GHz. The measurements were conducted using an open-ended coaxial probe at room temperature (25°C), at 30°C and at human body temperature (37°C). There were statistically significant differences in the dielectric properties of the CKD subjects compared to those of the normal subjects. Statistically significant differences in dielectric properties were observed across the temperatures for normal subjects and CKD subjects. Pearson correlation test showed the significant correlation between proteinuria and dielectric properties. The experimental data closely matched the single-pole Debye model. The relaxation dispersion and relaxation time increased with the proteinuria level, while decreasing with the temperature. As for static conductivity, it increased with proteinuria level and temperature.
Highlights
The measurement of dielectric properties is generating interest for clinical utility
Urea and salt ions were found in chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared with normal subjects (Table 2)
We have investigated the dielectric properties of urine in normal subjects and subjects with CKD at microwave frequency between 0.2 GHz and 50 GHz
Summary
The measurement of dielectric properties is generating interest for clinical utility. Surowiec et al [1] measured the dielectric properties of animal tissues following the time of tissue death in radio frequency They concluded that the concentration of cell-derived ions in tissues exhibits changes in dielectric properties. Gabriel et al [2] and Gabriel et al [3] reviewed the studies of differences in dielectric properties among biological tissues and further comparative measurement changes with tissue type, biological fluid, temperature and frequency, respectively They reported that frequency dependence of human and animal tissues corresponded to the temperature of tissue extraction at frequencies up to 20 GHz. Dielectric behavior was affected by water content and blood infiltration within the tissues [2, 3]. Previous studies related to biological fluids reported biomaterial dependency of dielectric
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