A Study of Cysteamine Ionization in Solution by Raman Spectroscopy and Theoretical Modeling

Abstract

Different cysteamine (H2N-CH2-CH2-SH) ionization forms have been studied by polarized Raman spectroscopy in solutions prepared with H2O and D2O and by DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level. To account for solvation effects, we employed the integral equation formalism polarizable continuum model (IEFPCM) option and explicit water molecules. Calculated relative energies and Raman spectra revealed that gauche rotamers around the C-C bond are the most stable conformers in solution. The experimental pKa values and Raman spectra of various ionization forms were best predicted by using a model with three explicit water molecules and the IEFPCM option. In general, the use of IEFPCM tends to lower the calculated frequencies for a few bands, but in some cases (S-H stretching mode) this effect is expressed very strongly. Potential energy distribution (PED) analysis of gauche conformers of various cysteamine ionization forms provided the possibility of discriminating spectroscopically methylene groups adjacent to sulfur, (CH2)S, and nitrogen, (CH2)N, sites. In general, stretching and scissoring modes as well as wagging and twisting vibrations of the (CH2)N group were found to be at higher frequencies. The influence of ionization of SH and NH2 groups on the vibrational spectrum is discussed, and Raman markers for further amine group ionization studies are suggested.