Abstract
Fifteen Porcelain and Ceramic Dinner Wares samples (collected from local commercial suppliers—Jeddah Saudi Arabia) were studied applying X-Ray Diffraction and Atomic Absorption techniques were used to study the Chemical, Mineral, Compositions Concentrations (of Some Metals). In addition, the Natural Radioactivity measurements of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, was used by a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. X-ray diffraction results showed that the major mineral constituents of 15 samples were quartz (SiO2) (except one), minor and trace elements vary from sample to sample. Atomic absorption spectroscopy results of the concentrations for (Al, Pb, Bi, U, Th and K) in (ppm) showed that Al2O average was 10.3 (ppm) (10%) less than the acceptable value. PbO, its average was 1.65 ppm which was slightly greater than the allowed value 1.35 ppm. Bi concentrations for all samples were lower than (DL 238U, 232Th and 40 K were (83.83, 91.05 and 751.07) Bq/kg dry. The radium equivalent activity concentration Raeq (Bq/kg) (302.61) was less than recommended value (370), gamma dose rate D (nGy/h) average (140.15) was much higher than the recommended value (60) (UNSCEER). Deff (mSv/year) and Hix were below the published admissible limit ≤ 1 and the risk is negligible. This study offers needed information for consumers at exposure risk and is useful to be found in terms of radiation protection.
Highlights
Ceramics are one of the most important types of the industrial materials
A condition called hyperkalemia, is very rare the potassium concentrations in ppm range from 2079.09 (P1) to 48205.50 (P5), where the mean is 24974.54 ppm (2.5%), which is greater than the acceptable value (1.92%) (Heiserman, 1992)
Fifteen samples of ceramic and porcelain items commonly were found in everyday living in Jeddah Saudi Arabia were examined by three techniques. *X-ray diffraction provides detailed information about the atomic structure of crystalline substances, chemical composition and physical properties of materials
Summary
Ceramics are one of the most important types of the industrial materials. Ceramic is made of a mixture of clay, feldspar, silica, talc kaolin minerals together with zirconium silicates (ZrSiO4). Measurements of the radio activities from houseware, due to their composition contain radionuclides of 238U, 232Th and 40 K and their radioactive series are important Such activities would provide the useful data of doses and hazard indices to make them safe in houseware product (Ahmad et al, 2015; Papadopoulos et al, 2013). There are many numbers of work worldwide measured the natural radioactivity of ceramic and porcelain by gamma rays spectroscopy and used their values to determine the doses and the hazard indices, these data are important to human health and compare the results with the recommended limits (Aksoy et al, 2010; Tufail et al, 2010; Janković et al, 2013). The objectives of this study are: 1) Use X-Ray Diffraction and Atomic Absorption techniques to study the Chemical, Mineral, Compositions and Concentrations (of Some Metals) in fifteen local and imported Ceramic and Porcelain dinner wares samples. 2) Measure the Natural Radioactivity of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K by gamma-ray spectroscopy having a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector in these samples, and to determine their specific radioactivity concentrations. 3) Calculate the radium equivalent activity concentrations Raeq (Bq/kg), gamma dose rate D (nGy/h), annual effective dose Deff (mSv/year) and external hazard Hix values, and compare the results with worldwide values to control the causes of potential radiation risk
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