Abstract

During the twentieth century, the political action of the urban poor in Santiago de Chile and Rio de Janeiro was a focal point of research in the social sciences. A critical reading of the major theories that were proposed begins with an analysis of marginality theory, which represented the first (negative) interpretation of the political potential of the marginalized. Subsequently, Santiago and Rio witnessed a series of urban popular experiences that elicited two opposing schools of thought: the urban-social-movement school and the utilitarian perspective. Chilean and Brazilian social scientists grappled with the way the popular sectors reacted to each country’s military dictatorship, and their interpretations reflected a certain indeterminacy, ranging from rediscovery to eulogy to denial. Urban popular struggle must be rethought in order to move beyond this theoretical ambivalence. Durante el siglo veinte, la acción política de parte de los pobres urbanos de Santiago de Chile y Rio de Janeiro fue un foco investigativo en las ciencias sociales. Esta lectura crítica de las principales teorías propone, en primer lugar, un análisis de la teoría de la marginalidad, la cual representó la primera interpretación (negativa) del potencial político de los marginados. Posteriormente, Santiago y Rio de Janeiro fueron testigos de una serie de experiencias populares urbanas, las cuales configuraron dos modos de pensamiento opuestos: la escuela de los movimientos sociales urbanos y la perspectiva utilitaria. Los cientistas sociales chilenos y brasileños, al enfrentar la forma en la cual los sectores populares reaccionaron frente a las dictaduras militares en cada país, reflejaron en sus interpretaciones una cierta indeterminación, fluctuando entre el redescubrimiento, la exaltación, hasta la negación. La lucha popular urbana tiene que volver a pensarse para superar esta ambivalencia teórica.

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