A strong ‘filter’ effect of the East China Sea land bridge for East Asia’s temperate plant species: inferences from molecular phylogeography and ecological niche modelling of Platycrater arguta(Hydrangeaceae)

Xin-Shuai Qi,Ying-Xiong Qiu,Shota Sakaguchi,Hans Peter Comes,Na Yuan

doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-41

Xin-Shuai Qi, Ying-Xiong Qiu + Show 3 more

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https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-41

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Abstract

BackgroundIn East Asia, an increasing number of studies on temperate forest tree species find evidence for migration and gene exchange across the East China Sea (ECS) land bridge up until the last glacial maximum (LGM). However, it is less clear when and how lineages diverged in this region, whether in full isolation or in the face of post-divergence gene flow. Here, we investigate the effects of Quaternary changes in climate and sea level on the evolutionary and demographic history of Platycrater arguta, a rare temperate understorey shrub with disjunct distributions in East China (var. sinensis) and South Japan (var. arguta). Molecular data were obtained from 14 P. arguta populations to infer current patterns of molecular structure and diversity in relation to past (Last Interglacial and Last Glacial Maximum) and present distributions based on ecological niche modelling (ENM). A coalescent-based isolation-with-migration (IM) model was used to estimate lineage divergence times and population demographic parameters.ResultsCombining information from nuclear/chloroplast sequence data with nuclear microsatellites, our IM analyses identify the two varieties as genetically distinct units that evolved in strict allopatry since the mid-Pleistocene, c. 0.89 (0.51–1.2) Ma. Together with Bayesian Skyeline Plots, our data further suggest that both lineages experienced post-divergence demographic growth, followed by refugial isolation, divergence, and in the case of var. arguta post-glacial admixture. However, past species distribution modelling indicates that the species’ overall distribution has not greatly changed over the last glacial cycles.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the important influence of ancient sea-level changes on the diversification of East Asia’s temperate flora. Implicitly, they challenge the notion of general temperate forest expansion across the ECS land bridge, demonstrating instead its ‘filter’ effect owing to an unsuitable environment for certain species and their biological (e.g., recruitment) properties.

Highlights

In East Asia, an increasing number of studies on temperate forest tree species find evidence for migration and gene exchange across the East China Sea (ECS) land bridge up until the last glacial maximum (LGM)
Palaeobiome reconstructions suggest that these forests expanded across the large expanses of continental shelf (c. 1 million km2) that emerged in the East China Sea (ECS) as a consequence of sea level lowering by c. 85– 130/140 m during cold periods [5,6,7]
There is accumulating but still scanty evidence that the ECS land bridge acted as a ‘filter’ in selectively hampering or even preventing the dispersal of certain plant species, while allowing those able to tolerate the environmental conditions of this palaeo-landscape to disperse more freely

Summary

Introduction

In East Asia, an increasing number of studies on temperate forest tree species find evidence for migration and gene exchange across the East China Sea (ECS) land bridge up until the last glacial maximum (LGM). It is widely believed that a near continuous belt of WTD forests spanned the ECS continental shelf during the LGM (and possibly earlier cold periods), connecting presently disjunct populations in East China, South Japan, and the Korean Peninsula [2,8]. If correct, this land bridge may have served as a ‘dispersal corridor’ [9,10], allowing intermittent migration of most WTD forest-restricted plant species from the Asian mainland into Japan (or vice versa), and/or periodic secondary contact and gene flow among formerly isolated populations, possibly up until the last shelf submergence There is accumulating but still scanty evidence that the ECS land bridge acted as a ‘filter’ in selectively hampering or even preventing the dispersal of certain plant species, while allowing those able to tolerate the environmental conditions of this palaeo-landscape to disperse more freely (see below)

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