A stripped-companion origin for Be stars: clues from the putative black holes HR 6819 and LB-1

Abstract

ABSTRACT HR 6819 is a bright (V = 5.36), blue star recently proposed to be a triple containing a detached black hole (BH). We show that the system is a binary and does not contain a BH. Using spectral decomposition, we disentangle the observed composite spectra into two components: a rapidly rotating Be star and a slowly rotating B star with low surface gravity (log g ≈ 2.75). Both stars show periodic radial velocity (RV) variability, but the RV semi-amplitude of the B star’s orbit is $K_{\rm B}= (62.7 \pm 1)\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$, while that of the Be star is only $K_{\rm Be} = (4.5\pm 2)\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$. This implies that the B star is less massive by at least a factor of 10. The surface abundances of the B star bear imprints of CNO burning. We argue that the B star is a bloated, recently stripped helium star with mass ${\approx}0.5\, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$ that is currently contracting to become a hot subdwarf. The orbital motion of the Be star obviates the need for a BH to explain the B star’s motion. A stripped-star model reproduces the observed luminosity of the system, while a normal star with the B star’s temperature and gravity would be more than 10 times too luminous. HR 6819 and the binary LB-1 probably formed through similar channels. We use MESA (Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics) models to investigate their evolutionary history, finding that they likely formed from intermediate-mass ($3\!-\!7\, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$) primaries stripped by slightly lower-mass secondaries and are progenitors to Be + sdOB binaries such as ϕ Persei. The lifetime of their current evolutionary phase is on average 2 × 105 yr, of the order of half a per cent of the total lifetime of the Be phase. This implies that many Be stars have hot subdwarf and white dwarf companions, and that a substantial fraction ($20\!-\!100{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) of field Be stars form through accretion of material from a binary companion.