A Story of Nobility in Colonial Urban Asia: Victorian Influence and the Red House in Taipei

The article considers the urban development of Siberian city Irkutsk in the post-Soviet space. Neoliberal concepts and critical geography constitute the basis for this article. Each aspect pays great attention to local practices and considers them as important components of the transformation process. Modern researcher Tuvikene drew attention to the fact that in both urban and sociological studies, post-socialism was not sufficiently developed: «Even though post-socialism outside regional borders is suggested, it remains largely undeveloped in urban research as well as in sociological studies, more generally». Ferenčuhová thinks that searching for a variety among existing theoretical models without recognizing their historical, political, and geographical embeddedness has actually trapped the idea of the post-socialist city in a transitory discourse and a forever-indefinite story. This article to some extent compensates this gap in urban research in general, and for the city of Irkutsk in particular. This is the first study, the object of which is modern urban development in the context of transition from socialism to post-socialism, and which is based on the results of field research and expert interviews conducted in 2012-2018. Globalization processes force cities to change in the modern world. There is a transition from industrial to service economy. Modern development is characterized by high dynamics, high competition and new challenges that require fast and high-quality solutions. Russian cities are also included in this world process. However they still have a radical transformation from Soviet cities to modern ones, which further complicates their modern development.

Red House occupies an extraordinary place in British architectural history. It was the first and only house that William Morris ever built. It was the first independent architectural commission from his friend, Philip Webb. The challenge of furnishing the house inspired Morris to found the design firm of Morris & Co. It had a great influence on the Arts & Crafts Movement. But it is also a house that captured William Morris's heart. He was only twenty-five when, in 1858 he decided to buy the site at Bexleyheath, just outside London, but in a rural Kentish setting. He had recently married Jane Burden, daughter of an Oxford ostler, whose particular beauty became inspiration for so much pre-Raphaelite art. With his young wife and his wealth he planned to produce a vision of earthly paradise at Red House. Rosetti described it as 'more a poem than a house', Morris called it 'our place of art', and when he was obliged to give it up for financial reasons in 1865, he resolved never to return. His biographer recorded that he could 'never set eyes on it again, confessing that the sight of it would be more than he could bear'. Red House was saved from an uncertain future in January 2003 by the National Trust, and has already opened its doors. Visitors will be able to see some of the original furnishings but many are now at Kelmscott Manor, the William Morris Gallery in Walthamstow, the Victoria & Albert Museum and other locations. This book, however, will provide both the story of Red House and a 'virtual tour' to enable the reader to see how the house looked and functioned when William Morris, his family and friends lived there. Jan Marsh is a biographer specialising in artists and writers. She has researched and written extensively on the Pre-Raphaelite circle, and also been guest curator for exhibitions. She is a Trustee of the William Morris gallery, Walthamstow; a fellow of the Royal Historical Society; and Visiting Professor at the Graduate Research Centre, University of Sussex. She held a Leverhulme Fellowship at the National Portrait Gallery, 2002-3. Recent publications include scholarly essays on Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies; May Morris and Marie Spartali Stillman.

The article analyzes the socioecological structure of Kaunas city (one the centers of the Russian Empire’s provinces) in 1870–1914 based on the ideas for the analysis of the structure and development of modern cities proposed by the Chicago School of Sociology. The first part introduces Burgess’s “Concentric City Model”, which is considered to be the most representative theoretical tool for modern urban structure and development analysis. In the second part, this model is applied to the analysis of the Kaunas socioecological structure in 1870–1914. The conclusions give an answer in which stage of the modern urban structure and development Kaunas city was during the period under investigation. The novelty and relevance of the researchcan be seen: 1) in the first attempt to present the analysis of the structure and development of Kaunas city in 1870–1914 with the help of socio-ecological concepts; 2) in the contribution to the development of interdisciplinary dialogue between history and social sciences (namely, urban ecology theories); 3) in the continuation of the research on the socioecological structure of the major cities of Lithuania during the period of the Russian Empire. Keywords: modern city, Chicago School of Sociology, Burgess’s Ring-Theory of City Development, Kaunas city history. Summary The article analyzes the socioecological structure of Kaunas city (one of the centers of the Russian Empire’s provinces) in 1870–1914 based on the ideas for the analysis of the structure and development of modern cities proposed by the Chicago School of Sociology. The application of Burgess’s “Concentric City Model” made it possible to analyze the Kaunas socioecological structure in 1870–1914 and to answer the question: In what stage of modern urban structure and development was the Kaunas city during the period under investigation? The findings suggest a different arrangement of concentration zones in Kaunas in the period 1870–1914 compared to the Burgess model. The functions of Kaunas districts and the quality of their residential buildings, the contingent of the residents concentrating in them and the occupational layout ofthe population, income and the resulting differences allow us to state that the origin of concentric zones (or their segments) visible in Kaunas during the period in question is not a unique feature of Kaunas development/expansion. Instead, it shows that the process of the colonization of emerging social groups in the cities of the late industrialization in Lithuanian provinces was not completed, and modernization was late in Kaunas, as well as in Vilnius, compared to modern cities in the Western world (especially in the USA) in the period from the 2nd half of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century.

<p>Restoration and renovation of the historical fabric of towns is one of the methods of intervention in towns with historical fabrics and old buildings that means continuous and conscious act for modernization, prevention from erosion and wear, longevity of historical buildings and fabrics of the towns, which are carried out aiming at a new function as appropriate to the needs of the daily life.</p><p>The record of restoration of the historical fabric of the towns in advanced counties is about two countries old, but the restoration and improvement of the historical fabric of towns separately and independent from historical buildings as a live, dynamic urban element was never paid attention by congresses and scientific centers before the Second World War. After the Second World War, restoration and reconstruction was paid attention again and was discussed in academic centers. That was while construction operations were under way in most European towns rapidly and intensively and no enough time was there for their study. The present article, while reviewing the world laws and enactments on urban restoration, has a look on different kinds of renovation in urban fabrics. What is important is the economic feasibility of renovation in the areas under study.</p><p>The present article is an effort towards review of the literature on restoration and innovation of historical urban fabrics based on the universal activities.</p><p>The purpose of this study is explanation of the components being paid attention in renovation of the old urban fabrics.</p><p>An analytical – comparative review of the experience gained in developed countries, on the one hand, and developing countries, on the other hand, could provide a guide toward development of effective solutions for renovation of historical spaces in towns. Analysis and examination of the process of the influence of modern western architectural, urban development and urban restoration on the modern Iranian architecture and urban development are among the achievements of such a study.</p><p>The research methodology, considering exploration of the form of the Iranian town is descriptive – analytical and the method of collecting data is field work and documentation</p><p>"The content structure of the study" is supported by the process of determination and introduction of efficient policies and strategies in traditional and historical fabrics. Strategies such as creation of new economic demands, environmental improvements, preservation and safeguarding of the historical nature of the quarter with physical restoration, development of criteria for functional design and renovation are among other notable subjects in this project.</p><p>The findings of the study show that, the historical neighborhoods of towns usually serve as autonomous functional areas, and, therefore, paying attention to them must be made in the context and the general fabric of the town and the relevant districts. Renovation, which is nothing but returning vitality and activity to the areas, is a dynamic, powerful process. Considering the above- mentioned items, one could say that the process has had different degrees in different areas. A successful renovation must show itself, in physical, economic and social aspects as well.</p>The results show the physical improvement of the town by paying attention to the physical components of the urban indentify. Also, one should attend to creation of cognitive and aesthetic values aiming at providing the readability and upgrading the mental image of the town when innovating the old fabrics.

In Ukraine, the digital transformation of public transport is becoming increasingly relevant, especially in the context of the implementation of the National Transport Strategy of Ukraine for the period until 2030. However, its implementation requires a comprehensive approach and coordinated decisions between the state, carriers, and the public. This study analyzes the main economic and infrastructure aspects of the digitalization of passenger transport, identifies key challenges and suggests possible ways to overcome them. The article examines the concept of Smart City as a new paradigm for the development of urban space in the context of the digital transformation of society. The essence and key components of the “smart city” model are analyzed, its impact on modern urbanism is determined, and examples of Smart City implementation in global and Ukrainian practice are given. The main challenges and prospects for the introduction of digital technologies into the urban environment are outlined. It is concluded that digitalization is an important factor in the sustainable development of cities and the formation of a comfortable living space for citizens. Modern urban development is characterized by global processes of urbanization and digital transformation. Traditional approaches to urban space management are becoming insufficient to solve complex socio-economic and environmental problems. In this context, the Smart City concept takes on the significance of a new urban paradigm that combines spatial, social, and technological aspects of urban development. The aim of the article is to study the concept of Smart City as an innovative model of urban space development and determine its role in the formation of a new urban paradigm. Among the main challenges of Smart City, we can highlight: cybersecurity and personal data protection, inequality in access to digital technologies, the high cost of implementing innovative infrastructure, the need to adapt technologies to the historically formed urban environment. The prospects for the digitalization of urban space are related to: the implementation of integrated city management platforms, the use of artificial intelligence to predict urban processes, the development of “green urbanism” in combination with digital solutions, and the active involvement of citizens in decision-making processes. The Smart City concept forms a new paradigm of urban planning, changing approaches to city management and the organization of urban space. Its implementation ensures increased management efficiency, an increase in the quality of life of residents, and creates conditions for sustainable development. Incorporating digital technologies into urban development strategies is becoming a key condition for the competitiveness of modern cities.

This article contains the concept of coordinated development of new urbanization and agriculture modernization and the theory of financial development, shows the actuality of the coordinated development of Jilin Province new urbanization and agriculture modernization under the perspective of financial support, and points out problems blocking balanced development of new urbanization and agriculture modernization in Jilin Province as follows: the infrastructure construction of new urbanization financing channel is single; SMEs financing is difficult; financial supply of agricultural modernization is scarce. The goal of balanced development of new urbanization and agriculture modernization in Jilin province is to take a road of urbanization. Based on this, the measures are came up with in Jilin Province as following: develop various forms of infrastructure construction financing channels; and remove small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficulties; and Strengthen the financial support of agricultural modernization. 1. The concept of coordinated development of new urbanization and agriculture modernization and the theory of financial development The coordinated development of new urbanization and agriculture modernization in Jilin Province means that they reinforce each other, realize the virtuous cycle development commonly. The new urbanization refers to the process that a mass of rural population divert into the towns or cities, the second and third industry ceaselessly assemble to the town, so as to increase the number of cities or towns and extend urban scale. The new urbanization emphasis on the people-oriented, and realize person’s all-sided development. The goal of new urbanization is that enhance the level of public service quality, and improve the infrastructure construction and residents’ way of life. The agriculture modernization means that the process traditional agriculture transforming into modern agriculture. In this process, a great deal of modern industrial technology is utilized in the agriculture activities. The aim of agriculture modernization is that increase farmers’ income and living standards, which makes the gap between urban and rural areas. The theory of financial development is about the relationship between economic growth and the financial development. It mainly study on the role of financial system which including the financial intermediary and financial markets in the economic development. And it research how to establish an effective financial system and financial policy combination with maximizing economic growth and how to reasonable use of financial resources in order to realize the sustainable development of the financial and eventually realize the sustainable development of the economy. 2. Financial support under the perspective of Jilin province urbanization and agricultural modernization the coordinated development of actuality Jilin is a big province of agriculture. In recent years the balanced development of new urbanization and agriculture modernization has made great achievement. In the process of coordinating the development of the inevitable birth of a large number of diverse financing needs, has raised new requirement on financial sector. Now the actuality of new urbanization and agriculture modernization under the perspective of financial support is followed in Jilin province. International Symposium on Social Science (ISSS 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 429 2.1 Financial support for the construction of towns in Jilin Province Jilin Province the financial support for the construction of towns constantly enhanced. As we can see from the table 1, during 2003 to 2013, Jilin Province fixed assets investment funds mainly from domestic loans and self-financing & other investments. And the proportion of them is continuously incremental. The fiscal expenditure and utilization of foreign capital, is relatively small. In 2013, for example, the budget of about 29.84 billion RMB, while domestic loans and self-financing and other investment respectively reached 58.72 billion RMB, 906.58 billion RMB, respectively, 1.97 times and 30.38 times the budget. And the utilization of foreign capital is trivial, the proportion of it is 2.79 billion RMB in 2013. This fully shows that in fixed asset investment, financial support inhibit the development of new urbanization. Although the financial support has played a role, yet support still to be strengthened. Financial support play an irreplaceable role in the process of urbanization. Table 1 Funding sources of investment in fixed assets (unit:billion yuan) Year Fiscal expenditure Domestic loans Utilization of foreign capital Self-financing & other investments 2003 4.09 11.25 1.09 80.48 2004 5.11 13.44 2.05 96.56 2005 10.79 23.44 3.62 142.4


 [article in Lithuanian; abstract and key words in English]\
 The aim of this article is to study the socioecological structure of Vilnius during 1870–1914 with the help of ideas derived from the analysis of modern urban development of the Chicago School of Sociology. The rapid industrialization period (mid-19th to early 20th centuries), characterized by an intensive development of modern cities in the Western world (especially in the US) and analyzed by American sociologists (R. Park, E. Burgess, R. D. McKenzie, L. Wirth), is relevant to Lithuanian historians. The cities of Lithuania that belonged to the Russian Empire during the period under investigation also experienced modernization, industrialization and urbanization processes related to it. In Vilnius, as much in the other metropolises of the Russian Empire, these processes were most intense. This article begins with the concepts of modern urban structure in the research of the representatives of the Chicago School of Sociology. We later, in the second part of the paper, present E. Burgess’s Ring-Theory of City Development, which analyzes modern urban development and is here applied to the analysis of the socioecological structure of Vilnius. The novelty of the research can be seen in the selected city ecology approach. The data in the archives and the historiography about the growing population of Vilnius, the increasing degree of specialization among the residents, the growing competition for influence and limited space, as well as residential differences, are analyzed as interrelated elements of the urban ecosystem from the perspective of E. Burgess’s theory. The study showed that between 1870 and 1914, the city’s socioecological structure clearly identifies the first (the central business district) and the second (zone of transition, area of the unqualified working class) in terms of concentrated urban zones. However, it is difficult to draw a clear line between the third (area for the working class), fourth (residential zone) and fifth (commuter zone) zones.

The combined effect of tourism economic growth has presented an important catalytic and driving role in modern urban development, especially in China’s urban regeneration and industrial restructuring. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is a new attempt by China’s government to comprehensively promote a new pattern of economic opening for metropolitan areas, and tourism development has assumed the role of a window to showcase the quality of the GBA’s cities to the world. How to promote the coordinated development of tourism and cities is particularly important in shaping new industries and enhancing the quality of urban development in the GBA. This paper constructs an evaluation index system and uses the improved entropy-weighted Topsis model to calculate the Coordinated Level between Tourism and Urban Development (TUDCL) and applies it to analyze the impact of tourism on promoting urban development in the GBA. The study finds that the TUDCL changes steadily from 2000 to 2019 and currently remains at a medium level, with large differences between cities of different levels, and that there is more room to improve the TUDCL of peripheral cities in the GBA such as Huizhou, Jiangmen, and Zhaoqing. When the tourism industry grows to a certain size, it can in turn lead to the synergistic growth of other industries in the city. Different cities need to formulate appropriate optimization policies according to their own industry type, tourism resource endowment, economic openness, and location conditions. This study proposes a scientific and effective evaluation index system to identify the level of coordination between tourism and urban development in the GBA and distils the contribution of different factors and the time sequence of their influence in stages, which is of positive significance in understanding the synergistic relationship between tourism and urban development and provides theoretical reference for planning a quality living circle suitable for living, working, and traveling in the GBA.

<p>The thesis investigates the impact caused by urban development on the environment. In addition, the thesis proposes and tests a methodology and a prototype tool for assessing the environmental performance of urban environments. The first section of the research briefly discusses some of the important environmental performance rating systems available on the market, such as USGBC-LEED, BREEAM, ISO 14000, NABERS and CASBEE. Their use for assessing urban developments is investigated critically. The thesis points out relevant flaws in the methods of these institutions, exposing a gap in knowledge of urban environmental assessment. The next step of the thesis begins by considering some historical societies and their urban models in order to understand how those making urban developments have approached the environment and its limitations. Indeed, the analysis of these historical models was based on selected speculative aspects, since confirmed by the investigation, as being essential for an ecologically balanced society. The thesis dedicates a chapter to describing the impact caused by the progressive monetarization of ancient society on the relationship between the urban environment and nature. The chapter introduces a discussion about how money has interfered with and speeded up the process of job specialization in urban areas, and how it has been shaping urban areas today. The thesis then reflects on important urban problems from an ecological point of view, pointing out relevant issues in modern urban development. Additionally, the research connects the problems of modern urbanism and the economics that have acted as a major force in shaping cities and their expansions. Finally the research proposes a methodology for environmental assessment, based on the ecological footprint. The prototype tool developed puts together all relevant environmental aspects. It also includes personal habits, combining these with urban design, transportation, consumption and energy resources to measure the footprint impact. The research recognises that the footprint cannot be treated as a static number; therefore, the research also presents a second instrument, which calculates the biocapacity per capita, according to population and economic growth, serving as a numerical ecological parameter for the first prototype tool. This enables the environmental impact of proposed changes, such as urban growth, to be assessed. A number of case studies using the tools are presented. These include three new urban developments which have a label for more sustainable urban design (LEED). The measurement prototype tool is also applied to some of the ancient societies previously studied, in order to compare the present urban and life style model with that of ancient urban societies. The thesis ends by comparing results from LEED for Neighbourhood Development with those of the new prototype tool, including comparison of modern and historical urban models.</p>

The aim of this study is to develop a model for institutionalizing the social and environmental responsibility of the construction business as an important factor in the modern urban development. Methods of systems, logical and comparative analysis, as well as a questionnaire survey are used in the research. Based on the situation in Tomsk (Russia), public preferences and needs for construction products have been examined taking into account environmental friendliness and the quality of the urban environment. The results of the examination are presented in this paper. The study reveals the public need for building products and shows how these needs are related to greening the construction industry and developing the social and environmental responsibility of the construction business. The green urban development needs an environmentally sustainable regulation mechanism based on appropriate methods, tools and organizational forms of interactions between stakeholders in the construction industry. A concept for managing interactions between stakeholders in urban development is proposed on the basis of the ECOURBANBUILD platform. The integration based on this platform will create additional opportunities to implement the social and environmental responsibility of the construction business in the interests of sustainable urban development.

The aim of this study is to develop a model for institutionalizing the social and environmental responsibility of the construction business as an important factor in the modern urban development. Methods of systems, logical and comparative analysis, as well as a questionnaire survey are used in the research. Based on the situation in Tomsk (Russia), public preferences and needs for construction products have been examined taking into account environmental friendliness and the quality of the urban environment. The results of the examination are presented in this paper. The study reveals the public need for building products and shows how these needs are related to greening the construction industry and developing the social and environmental responsibility of the construction business. The green urban development needs an environmentally sustainable regulation mechanism based on appropriate methods, tools and organizational forms of interactions between stakeholders in the construction industry. A concept for managing interactions between stakeholders in urban development is proposed on the basis of the ECOURBANBUILD platform. The integration based on this platform will create additional opportunities to implement the social and environmental responsibility of the construction business in the interests of sustainable urban development.

<p>The thesis investigates the impact caused by urban development on the environment. In addition, the thesis proposes and tests a methodology and a prototype tool for assessing the environmental performance of urban environments. The first section of the research briefly discusses some of the important environmental performance rating systems available on the market, such as USGBC-LEED, BREEAM, ISO 14000, NABERS and CASBEE. Their use for assessing urban developments is investigated critically. The thesis points out relevant flaws in the methods of these institutions, exposing a gap in knowledge of urban environmental assessment. The next step of the thesis begins by considering some historical societies and their urban models in order to understand how those making urban developments have approached the environment and its limitations. Indeed, the analysis of these historical models was based on selected speculative aspects, since confirmed by the investigation, as being essential for an ecologically balanced society. The thesis dedicates a chapter to describing the impact caused by the progressive monetarization of ancient society on the relationship between the urban environment and nature. The chapter introduces a discussion about how money has interfered with and speeded up the process of job specialization in urban areas, and how it has been shaping urban areas today. The thesis then reflects on important urban problems from an ecological point of view, pointing out relevant issues in modern urban development. Additionally, the research connects the problems of modern urbanism and the economics that have acted as a major force in shaping cities and their expansions. Finally the research proposes a methodology for environmental assessment, based on the ecological footprint. The prototype tool developed puts together all relevant environmental aspects. It also includes personal habits, combining these with urban design, transportation, consumption and energy resources to measure the footprint impact. The research recognises that the footprint cannot be treated as a static number; therefore, the research also presents a second instrument, which calculates the biocapacity per capita, according to population and economic growth, serving as a numerical ecological parameter for the first prototype tool. This enables the environmental impact of proposed changes, such as urban growth, to be assessed. A number of case studies using the tools are presented. These include three new urban developments which have a label for more sustainable urban design (LEED). The measurement prototype tool is also applied to some of the ancient societies previously studied, in order to compare the present urban and life style model with that of ancient urban societies. The thesis ends by comparing results from LEED for Neighbourhood Development with those of the new prototype tool, including comparison of modern and historical urban models.</p>

IntroductionThere is no doubt that housing is one of the basic necessities for human beings. However, it has remained a critical problem for millions of poor people in developing countries (Bihon, 2007).As a result of increasing urban homelessness and the growth of slums, from the 1950s governments throughout the world started to develop various strategies and intervene more directly in the procurement of urban housing (Wakely, 1988). The two decades 1950-1970 saw the political independence of many colonies in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean and a new economic independence, and these brought about significant industrialization and dramatic urbanization in many Latin American countries (Wakely, 1988; Wakely, 1988). In some countries, the government subsidy was redirected from the low-income groups to low-middle income earners and then switched from individual householders to the (profit-motivated) producers of housing -real estate developers and bankers (UN Habitat, 2003).Today, housing for low-income families is a major component of all towns and cities in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, typically covering 60-80 percent of the developed land area of towns and cities and accounting for 50-70 percent of the value of the fixed capital formation of urban areas of which they are an integral part (UN-Habitat, 2003).Like most urban centers of developing countries, most cities and towns in Ethiopia face a plethora of problems, including an acute and ever-worsening housing shortage (Solomon & McLeod, 2004). In Ethiopia, until recently, there was no specific legislation that recognized citizens' right to housing or which imposed a duty on the government to recognize that right. Nevertheless, there were few national coordination policies regarding housing and urban development. During the first half of the 20th century, land and housing in Ethiopia were controlled by a few individuals and groups, where housing supply was mainly controlled by the landowning elite who constitute less than one percent of the population but own more than 70% of the arable land (UN-HABITAT, 2007). Following the 1974 land proclamation (No. 47/1975), ownership of all urban land and extra houses were transferred to the government in an effort to enforce a fair distribution of wealth across the country (Teshome, 2008). State sponsored urban housing construction has begun in the late 1980s (Mulugeta, 1995). With emergence of the current government in 1991, Leasehold as a land tenure system was introduced in 1993 and then revised in 2002 and 2011 (UN-HABITAT, 2010).Since year 2005, Ethiopia has been implementing an ambitious government led low and middle-income housing programme. The programme involves a radical shift from the single-storey detached housing typology (government owned rental housing) to a new condominium typology (private homeownership). According to the programme, all slums would be cleared within ten years. To make the programme feasible, the state transferred the overall responsibility for the housing sector to the regional administrative level. At the regional level, the Bureau of Works and Urban Development (BWUD) is responsible for urban management and development issues.According to empirical assessment of housing study by HCAFEDO, 52 percent of the total population of the capital city, Addis Ababa, earns a monthly income of less than 167 USD (HCAFEDO, 2011). Based on this observation, it would be obvious that the housing standard of the city is incompatible with the affordability of the majority of the residents to build their shelter. The situation is not different for most towns in Southern Ethiopia, especially to the capital of Southern regional state (Hawassa city administration). In the city administration, high income group earning more than Ethiopian birr 2000 (100 USD) accounts for only 8 percent, middle income getting monthly income of 670 - 2000 accounts 26 percent and low income residents, those getting less than birr 670, account for 56 percent. …

In cultural heritage protection, great ruins has an important position.The paper discusses the necessary connection between the development of modern cities and the great ruins protection, and discusses the importance and far-reaching significance of the great ruins protection in the modern urban development, and we must pay attention to all aspects of conservation and development with the Heritage Park model. From Xi'an urban overall planning design, the paper explores the great site protection and appropriate development approach, methods, and takes the construction of xi’an Tang Daming Palace Heritage Park as an example, to illustrate some specific practices and results of the combination of the great ruins protection and urban development .

This study investigates the urban morphology and development of Mae Hong Son's old city through geospatial analysis to support sustainable heritage conservation. It focuses on spatiotemporal changes in urban expansion by utilizing aerial photographs, high-resolution satellite imagery, and geospatial techniques including Change Detection and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), to analyze the city’s development patterns from 1971 to 2023. The results indicate that the built-up area increased significantly from 0.47 km² in 1971 to 9.71 km² in 2023, while the number of buildings grew from 2,855 to 11,948 during the same period. These findings reveal significant physical transformations, primarily driven by economic growth and increased settlement in the early 20th century. Urban growth predominantly occurred in the northern part of the city, constrained by surrounding mountains and rivers. Despite modern urban development, Mae Hong Son has retained its unique identity through a combination of traditional wooden structures and contemporary architecture. The findings emphasize the need to balance modern urban expansion with the preservation of cultural heritage and offer insights for sustainable conservation planning in historic cities and it contributes to understand the historical urban dynamics of Mae Hong Son’s old city and provides recommendations for sustainable heritage conservation planning.