A stochastic model of catalytic reaction networks in protocells

For the application of water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsions to a nasal dosage form of secretin, permeation tests were conducted in vitro to assess the effects of hydrophilic surfactants in the internal aqueous compartment on the release rate of secretin. The amount of secretin that permeated through an artificial membrane from a donor cell to a receptor cell was affected by the addition of sodium chloride or sodium alkylsulfonate to the internal aqueous compartment of w/o/w emulsions in the donor cell. Sodium chloride decreased apparent permeation rate constants from the internal aqueous compartment to the external aqueous phase (K'1) as the difference in osmolartiy between the internal compartment and the external phase increased. While sodium alkylsulfonates increased K'1 in proportion to the values of (partition coefficient between the oil phase and the internal aqueous phase/partition coefficient between the oil phase and the external aqueous phase)/osmolarity ratio of the internal aqueous phase to the external aqueous phase. These results demonstrate that the release rate of secretion from w/o/w emulsions are affected by partition of the drug between aqueous and oil phases and by osmotic difference between the outer and internal phases.

![Figure][1] J. Patrick Kampf Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California ![Figure][1] Alan M. Kleinfeld Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California akleinfeld{at}tpims.org The mechanism of free fatty acid (FFA)

Incremental Kinetic Identification based on Experimental data From Steady-state Plug Flow Reactors

Design, operation and performance of stabilization reservoirs for wastewater irrigation in Israel

Cholesterol is an essential component of eukaryotic cell membranes, regulating fluidity and permeability of the bilayer. Outside the membrane, cholesterol is esterified to fatty acids forming cholesterol esters (CEs). Metabolism of CEs is characterized by recurrent hydrolysis and esterification as part of the CE cycle; however, since recombinant 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) was shown to oxidize cholesteryl linoleate of LDL, there has been interest in CE oxidation, particularly in the context atherogenesis. Studies of oxidized CE (oxCE) metabolism have focused on hydrolysis and subsequent reverse cholesterol transport with little emphasis on the fate the newly released oxidized fatty acyl component. Here, using mass spectrometry to analyze lipid oxidation products, CE metabolism in murine peritoneal macrophages was investigated. Ex vivo macrophage incubations revealed that cellular 15-LO directly oxidized multiple CE substrates from intracellular stores and from extracellular sources. Freshly harvested murine macrophages also contained 15-LO-specific oxCEs, suggesting the enzyme may act as a CE-oxidase in vivo. The metabolic fate of oxCEs, particularly the hydrolysis and remodeling of oxidized fatty acyl chains, was also examined in the macrophage. Metabolism of deuterated CE resulted in the genesis of deuterated, oxidized phosphatidylcholine (oxPC). Further experiments revealed these oxPC species were formed chiefly from the hydrolysis of oxidized CE and subsequent reacylation of the oxidized acyl components into PC.

Improvement of the stability of water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsions by the addition of surfactants in the internal aqueous phase of the emulsions

Methanol carbonylation catalyzed by a polymer-bound rhodium (I) complex

Kinetic data from a pulse microcatalytic reactor-hydrogenation of benzene on a nickel catalyst

On the mechanism of CH 3OH oxidation to CH 2O over MoO 3Fe 2(MoO 4) 3 catalyst

Kinetics of combustion of petroleum coke and sub-bituminous coal char: Results of ignition and steady-state techniques

A novel BN supported bi-metal catalyst for selective hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde

Selective dehydrochlorination of 1,1,2-tricholoroethane into 1,1-dicholoroethylene catalyzed by DBUHCl on SiO 2

A range of NiO/Al2O3, solids (4.0–12.0 wt% Ni) was prepared by the impregnation technique. The textural properties of these solids were determined from nitrogen adsorption measurements at 77 K. Reduction of the solids with hydrogen was carried out 650, 675, 700 and 725 K. Some catalytic parameters for these reduced materials were determined from studies of the adsorption of hydrogen at 400 K. The methanation of carbon monoxide over these reduced materials used as catalysts was followed between 550 K and 600 K using a steady-state flow reactor. The surface area of the NiO/Al2O3 solids decreased and their mean pore radius increased with increasing content of NiO. Increasing the temperature employed for their reduction led to increased diffusion of Ni atoms to the surface with a consequent increase in their catalytic activity. A direct relationship was found between % methanation and the surface area of the reduced catalytic material expressed as m2/g (catalyst).

Catalytic oxidation: I. The oxidation of ethylene over Pd and PdAu alloys

Effect of ethyleneglycol addition on the properties of P-doped NiMo/Al2O3 HDS catalysts: Part I. Materials preparation and characterization