Abstract
One of the major issues in securing blood supply to patients worldwide is to provide blood of the best achievable quality, in the needed quantities. Central Blood Services (CBS’s) worldwide are daily faced with the problem how to satisfy demands for blood from various hospitals. These hospitals, in their turn, are faced with the problem how to satisfy demands for blood from their patients. To solve these problems in a cost-effective way is notoriously difficult, because (i) the amounts of available blood and of blood demand are random, (ii) blood can only be used during a limited amount of time, (iii) one must distinguish various blood components (red blood cells, plasma and platelets) with different associated costs and perishability and (iv) one must distinguish persons with different blood types (like AB+ and O−) with different capabilities to act as donor or as recipient. In this review paper we provide the subject background, describing the blood characteristics and the operation of CBS and hospital blood banks. In particular we describe blood demand, blood components and blood types. We depict blood screening procedures and their processing times and provide with some real data. Particularly we describe a stochastic approach to blood screening and inventory. An emphasis will be given to inventory management and blood allocation, stochastic imput-output of the inventory system and some cost functions involved.
Highlights
General BackgroundOne of the major issues in securing blood supply to patients worldwide is to provide blood of the best achievable quality, in the needed quantities
In most countries blood, which is collected as whole blood units from human donors, is separated into different components which are subsequently stored in different storage conditions according to their biological characteristics, functions and respective expiration dates
Blood units and components are ordered by hospital blood banks from the Central/regional Blood Services (CBS) according to their operational needs
Summary
One of the major issues in securing blood supply to patients worldwide is to provide blood of the best achievable quality, in the needed quantities. Batches found contaminated at ELISA and items found contaminated at PCR, are discarded and not used for blood transfusions (c.f., (Bish et al, 2011; Chick, 1996; Chiavetta et al, 2003; Gastwirth and Johnson, 1994; Hammick and Gastwirth, 1994; Hanson et al, 2006; Hourfar et al, 2008; Jackson et al, 2003; Kantanen et al, 1996; Litvak et al, 1994; Monzon et al, 1991; Schottstedt et al, 1998; Steiner et al, 2010; Stramer et al, 2004; 2011; Wein and Zenios, 1996; Zhu et al, 2001) On the average it takes about 15 hours till blood samples arrive in the CBS from the times they have been donated. Such processing times should be taken into account in any blood screening procedure
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