Abstract
In an effort to produce cost-effective and environmentally friendly cementitious binders. mainly ternary (Portland cement + limestone + pozzolanas) formulations have been investigated so far. Various proportions of constituents have been suggested, all, however, employing typical Portland cement (PC) substitution rates, as prescribed by the current codes. With the current paper a step by step methodology on developing low carbon footprint binary, ternary and quaternary cementitious binders is presented (PC replacement up to 57%). Best performing binary (60% PC and 40% LS (limestone)) and ternary formulations (60% PC, 20% LS, 20% FA (fly ash) or 43% PC, 20% LS 37% FA) were selected on the grounds of sustainability and strength development and were further optimized with the addition of silica fume. For the first time a protocol for successfully selecting and testing binders was discussed and the combined effect of highly pozzolanic constituents in low PC content formulations was assessed and a number of successful matrices were recommended. The present paper enriched the current state of the art in composite low carbon footprint cementitious binders and can serve as a basis for further enhancements by other researchers in the field.
Highlights
Concrete, and subsequently Portland cement, is one of the commodities whose demand is ever increasing
The present paper enriched the current state of the art in composite low carbon footprint cementitious binders and can serve as a basis for further enhancements by other researchers in the field
Taking into consideration that production of cement is a major cause for carbon dioxide emissions, accountable for about 5–8% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions worldwide, concrete and cement research has been focusing on the production of low Portland cement formulations using supplementary cementitious materials, such as limestone, fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag and silica fume
Summary
Subsequently Portland cement, is one of the commodities whose demand is ever increasing. Taking into consideration that production of cement is a major cause for carbon dioxide emissions, accountable for about 5–8% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions worldwide, concrete and cement research has been focusing on the production of low Portland cement formulations using supplementary cementitious materials, such as limestone, fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag and silica fume. The present research is focused and based on European Standards it should be noted that a global shift towards performance based rather than prescriptive specifications (composition based formulations) can be observed. With respect to fly ash addition, the American. Concrete Institute suggests a maximum limit of 35% of fly ash addition in binary compositions while.
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