Abstract
SummaryOrgan growth during development is a highly regulated process with both temporal and spatial constraints. Epidermal stratification is essential for skin growth and development. Although the zebrafish has been well studied, it is not known when and how epidermal stratification occurs. This is because beyond the first five days of development our knowledge is currently limited. We found that epidermal stratification in zebrafish begins when the larvae reach a standard length (SL) of 6 mm at approximately 25 days of age. Over the next four days (from a SL of 6 to 9 mm), epidermis thickness increases almost four-fold. This represents a sudden increase in organ size, since for the previous 20 days of development, the epidermis has been only two layers thick. This pattern is different from that observed in mammals that undergo continuous stratification from E14.5–E18.5. To study how stem cell proliferation gives rise to the new epidermal layers, we used a combination of markers: one for cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear-antigen PCNA) and one for epidermal stem cells (P63 transcription factor). We identified, throughout the stratification process, two different waves of cell division. Initially, the most basal epidermal cells divided and generated a subset of suprabasal cells (possibly transient-amplifying cells); within the next several days, the basal cells stopped dividing, and the suprabasal cells began proliferation, giving rise to most of the cell types in the new layers. This part of the process is similar to what has been recently found during epidermal stratification in mammals.
Highlights
In vertebrates, the epidermis is maintained by epithelial stem cells that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation
We found that epidermal stratification in zebrafish begins when the larvae reach a standard length (SL) of 6 mm at approximately 25 days of age
Over the four days, epidermis thickness increases almost four-fold. This represents a sudden increase in organ size, since for the previous 20 days of development, the epidermis has been only two layers thick. This pattern is different from that observed in mammals that undergo continuous stratification from E14.5–E18.5
Summary
The epidermis is maintained by epithelial stem cells that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation. These properties are established during development and are the result of a complex and precisely coordinated program in which stratification plays an essential role (Koster and Roop, 2007; Lechler and Fuchs, 2005). Epidermal cell shedding occurs in EpCam (Epithelial cell adhesion molecule) and Hai1a (a serine protease inhibitor of Matriptase1a) zebrafish mutants (Carney et al, 2007; Slanchev et al, 2009). Genetic tools for the study of epidermal development, such as the cytokeratin II promoter which drives epidermal expression (Wang et al, 2006) and a conditional cell ablation system that can be used to eliminate epidermal cells at any given time point (Chen et al, 2011), have been designed
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