Abstract
The study of human crowd density estimation (H-CDE) using radio frequency is limited due to the nature of wireless medium and the advancement of visual-based systems. There were two statistical methods, namely, One-Way Analysis of Variance and Design of Experiment applied in designing the H-CDE system. One-Way Analysis of Variance is used to investigate the difference in signal attenuation between dynamic and static crowds. The Design of Experiment is utilized to identify significant crowd properties that affect wireless signal propagation. The significant factors were later trained into the H-CDE algorithm for the purpose of estimating the human crowd density in a defined sector. A sector comprising three placements of 2.4 GHz ZigBee wireless nodes continuously reported the received signal strength indicator to the main node. The results showed that the H-CDE system was 75.00% and 70.83% accurate in detecting the low and medium human crowd density, respectively. A signal path loss propagation model was also proposed to assist in predicting the human crowd density. The human crowd properties verified by using the statistical approach may offer a new side of understanding and estimating the human crowd density.
Highlights
Monitoring and estimating human crowd density using radio frequency (RF) is a field of largely unexplored study due to problems related to the unpredictable wireless medium, improvement of visual-based systems, and the nature of human bodies in wireless medium
The objective of this paper is to identify and discuss the significant factors affecting the signal propagation in human crowded vicinity by using statistical methods which are the Design of Experiment (DOE) and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
The standard deviation is mediocrely high at 7.973 dBm due to the unpredictable and fluctuating signal attenuation caused by the human crowd
Summary
Monitoring and estimating human crowd density using radio frequency (RF) is a field of largely unexplored study due to problems related to the unpredictable wireless medium, improvement of visual-based systems, and the nature of human bodies in wireless medium. Crowd density estimation (CDE) has correlation to the topic of localization due to its technical similarity. The RF-based localization is the process of estimating the position and movement of a node within a network using various mathematical techniques and algorithms [1, 2]. The importance of node localization can be derived from relevant applications ranging from target tracing to safety monitoring. A catalogue of crowd-related disasters during Hajj pilgrimage proves that the current systems are still insufficient to cater for the ever-increasing number of pilgrims
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