Abstract
Recently, with the penetration of numerous Distributed Energy Resources (DER) in Smart Distribution Networks (SDN), Local Transactive Markets have emerged. Exchanging energy between all participants of local markets results in the satisfaction of producers and consumers. Based on these issues, this study provides a novel framework for the participation of SDN-independent entities in wholesale and local electricity markets simultaneously. In this regard, the considered system’s players, namely Distribution System Operator (DSO) and DER Aggregator (AG), take part within local as well as wholesale markets in two-day ahead and real-time stages. Moreover, to deal with the inherent conflict between the existing players’ interests, a Stackelberg game-based technique is proposed. In the raised competition, the leader, DSO, attempts to minimize its operating costs, while the follower, DER AG, tends to maximize its profit. Therefore, actors’ actions choices within both markets are made non-cooperatively. On the other hand, to handle the uncertain nature of stochastic parameters in the depicted problem, Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS), together with a fast backward/forward scenario reduction approach, is exploited. Ultimately, to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed scheme, two different case studies, with and without considering the competitive environment, are implemented on a modified IEEE-33 bus SDN.
Highlights
The number of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) is increasing dramatically inSmart Distribution Networks (SDNs)
The penetration of numerous DERs with private ownership has led to a variety of challenges in the optimal scheduling of SDNs
On the other hand, satisfying the inherent conflicts that exist between the interests of each private unit and the Distribution System Operator (DSO) is highly difficult and may lead to intractability
Summary
The number of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) is increasing dramatically inSmart Distribution Networks (SDNs). System Operators (DSOs) are confronted with various dilemmas in terms of optimal scheduling and energy management of their networks This is because, on one hand, a large number of small-scale. DERs in an economic and effective way [1] The reason for this is that existing independent entities have a tendency to promote their own interests through participating in the DSO’s energy management program. Based on these facts, one promising solution for the efficient participation of these emerging entities in the optimal operation of novel distribution systems is designing a Local Electricity Market (LEM) in a Transactive Energy (TE) environment.
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