A spiral based image watermarking scheme using Karhunen–Loeve and discrete hartley transforms

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The main objective of developing the image watermarking technique is satisfying the robustness and the imperceptibility of multimedia protection. To achieve this objective, a novel hybrid image watermarking scheme based on Karhunen Loeve transform (KLT) and discrete hartley transform (DHT) and is proposed. In the proposed scheme (KL---DHT based watermarking scheme), the original image is divided into blocks using spiral scan, then the DHT is calculated for each block, after that, the KLT is applied for each DHT block. The watermark embedding process is carried out during the KLT transformation process. In the watermark extracting process, the watermarked image is distorted using several image attacks such as JPEG image compression, image rotation, image resizing, adding noise (Gaussian, impulsive or speckle) or image contrast adjustment using adaptive histogram equalization. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is carried out using block by block image scan and the achieved results are compared with those obtained from other watermarking schemes such as discrete cosine transform/singular value decomposition (DCT---SVD) based watermarking scheme, discrete wavelet transform/SVD (DWT---SVD) based watermarking scheme and SVD watermarking in the homomorphic domain watermarking scheme. The achieved results proved that, the superiority of the KL---DHT based watermarking scheme with spiral scan compared to other watermarking schemes in the presence of different image attacks.