Abstract
The metabolic consequences and sequelae of obesity promote life-threatening morbidities. PKCδI is an important elicitor of inflammation and apoptosis in adipocytes. Here we report increased PKCδI activation via release of its catalytic domain concurrent with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in adipocytes from obese individuals. Using a screening strategy of dual recognition of PKCδI isozymes and a caspase-3 binding site on the PKCδI hinge domain with Schrödinger software and molecular dynamics simulations, we identified NP627, an organic small-molecule inhibitor of PKCδI. Characterization of NP627 by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed that PKCδI and NP627 interact with each other with high affinity and specificity, SPR kinetics revealed that NP627 disrupts caspase-3 binding to PKCδI, and in vitro kinase assays demonstrated that NP627 specifically inhibits PKCδI activity. The SPR results also indicated that NP627 affects macromolecular interactions between protein surfaces. Of note, release of the PKCδI catalytic fragment was sufficient to induce apoptosis and inflammation in adipocytes. NP627 treatment of adipocytes from obese individuals significantly inhibited PKCδI catalytic fragment release, decreased inflammation and apoptosis, and significantly improved mitochondrial metabolism. These results indicate that PKCδI is a robust candidate for targeted interventions to manage obesity-associated chronic inflammatory diseases. We propose that NP627 may also be used in other biological systems to better understand the impact of caspase-3-mediated activation of kinase activity.
Highlights
The metabolic consequences and sequelae of obesity promote life-threatening morbidities
Using this small molecule to inhibit PKC␦I kinase activity, we investigated whether inflammation, apoptosis, and metabolic dysfunction associated with obesity could be reduced in human adipocytes
We determined the expression of PKC␦I in human adipose tissues obtained from obese individuals
Summary
A specific small-molecule inhibitor of protein kinase C␦I activity improves metabolic dysfunction in human adipocytes from obese individuals. NP627 treatment of adipocytes from obese individuals significantly inhibited PKC␦I catalytic fragment release, decreased inflammation and apoptosis, and significantly improved mitochondrial metabolism. These results indicate that PKC␦I is a robust candidate for targeted interventions to manage obesity-associated chronic inflammatory diseases. PKC␦I is a serine/ threonine kinase that is activated by cleavage at its hinge region, releasing its C-terminal catalytic fragment This fragment, freed from inhibition by the regulatory domain, is sufficient for its function [7]. We investigated the binding affinity of this small molecule to PKC␦I and its ability to inhibit binding of caspase-3 to PKC␦I Using this small molecule to inhibit PKC␦I kinase activity, we investigated whether inflammation, apoptosis, and metabolic dysfunction associated with obesity could be reduced in human adipocytes
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