Abstract
Abstract Introduction The emergent wetland species Typha domingensis (cattail) is a native Florida Everglades monocotyledonous macrophyte. It has become invasive due to anthropogenic disturbances and is out-competing other vegetation in the region, especially in areas historically dominated by Cladium jamaicense (sawgrass). There is a need for a quantitative, deterministic model in order to accurately simulate the regional-scale cattail dynamics in the Everglades. Methods The Regional Simulation Model (RSM), combined with the Transport and Reaction Simulation Engine (TARSE), was adapted to simulate ecology. This provides a framework for user-defineable equations and relationships and enables multiple theories with different levels of complexity to be tested simultaneously. Five models, or levels, of increasing complexity were used to simulate cattail dynamics across Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA2A), which is located just south of Lake Okeechobee, in Florida, USA. These levels of complexity were formulated to correspond with five hypotheses regarding the growth and spread of cattail. The first level of complexity assumed a logistic growth pattern to test whether cattail growth is density dependent. The second level of complexity built on the first and included a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) factor influenced by water depth to test whether this might be an important factor for cattail expansion. The third level of complexity built on the second and included an HSI factor influenced by soil phosphorus concentration to test whether this is a contributing factor for cattail expansion. The fourth level of complexity built on the third and included an HSI factor influenced by (a level 1–simulated) sawgrass density to determine whether sawgrass density impacted the rate of cattail expansion. The fifth level of complexity built on the fourth and included a feedback mechanism whereby the cattail densities influenced the sawgrass densities to determine the impact of inter-species interactions on the cattail dynamics. Results All the simulation results from the different levels of complexity were compared to observed data for the years 1995 and 2003. Their performance was analyzed using a number of different statistics that each represent a different perspective on the ecological dynamics of the system. These statistics include box-plots, abundance-area curves, Moran’s I, and classified difference. The statistics were summarized using the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient. The results from all of these comparisons indicate that the more complex level 4 and level 5 models were able to simulate the observed data with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Conclusions A user-defineable, quantitative, deterministic modeling framework was introduced and tested against various hypotheses. It was determined that the more complex models (levels 4 and 5) were able to adequately simulate the observed patterns of cattail densities within the WCA2A region. These models require testing for uncertainty and sensitivity of their various parameters in order to better understand them but could eventually be used to provide insight for management decisions concerning the WCA2A region and the Everglades in general.
Highlights
The emergent wetland species Typha domingensis is a native Florida Everglades monocotyledonous macrophyte
Through the use of best management practices, the total phosphorus load entering Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA2A) for the period 1995–2004 was reduced by roughly 36% (Richardson et al 2008), which may have had a role in the dispersal noted above
We know that water depth is an influential factor in cattail growth (Newman et al 1998; Miao and Sklar 1998), the results of these analyses indicate that the current model is overly influenced by this parameter
Summary
The emergent wetland species Typha domingensis (cattail) is a native Florida Everglades monocotyledonous macrophyte. The Everglades, commonly known as the “River Of Grass” Douglas (1947), in southern Florida, USA, once covered some 28,500 km2 This wetland ecosystem was sustained by the Kissimmee River, flowing through Lake Okeechobee and southwards as a shallow, slow-moving sheet of water flowing freely to the estuaries of Biscayne Bay, Ten Thousand Islands, and Florida Bay. The channelization of the Everglades around 1948 caused the reduction of the original wetland areas by up to 50%, with related declines in dependent wildlife. There is, an increasing focus on the ecological impacts of various management decisions, and these efforts center on improving species diversity and protecting existing habitats (USACE, S.F.R.O 2010b). The WCAs act as impoundments for water storage and flood control as well as serving as wildlife habitat. Water flows from these WCAs into the Everglades National Park (Guardo et al 1995)
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