Abstract
Pseudorabies is an important infectious disease of swine, and immunization using attenuated pseudorabies virus (aPrV) vaccine is a routine practice to control this disease in swine herds. This study was to evaluate a saline solution containing ginseng stem-leaf saponins (GSLS) and sodium selenite (Se) as a vaccine adjuvant for its enhancement of immune response to aPrV vaccine. The results showed that aPrV vaccine diluted with saline containing GSLS-Se (aP-GSe) induced significantly higher immune responses than that of the vaccine diluted with saline alone (aP-S). The aP-GSe promoted higher production of gB-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a, neutralizing antibody titers, secretion of Th1-type (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12), and Th2-type (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) cytokines, and upregulated the T-bet/GATA-3 mRNA expression when compared to aP-S. In addition, cytolytic activity of NK cells, lymphocyte proliferation, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio was also significantly increased by aP-GSe. More importantly, aP-GSe conferred a much higher resistance of mice to a field virulent pseudorabies virus (fPrV) challenge. As the present study was conducted in mice, further study is required to evaluate the aP-GSe to improve the vaccination against PrV in swine.
Highlights
Pseudorabies (Pr), known as Aujeszky’s disease, is caused by pseudorabies virus (PrV) and it is a highly contagious infectious disease that primarily affects swine, but is fatal in dogs with signs similar to rabies
To observe combined adjuvant effect of ginseng stem-leaf saponins (GSLS) and Se on attenuated live pseudorabies virus (aPrV) vaccine, mice were immunized with aPrV vaccine diluted in saline or saline containing GSLS, Se, or GSLS+Se, and mice injected with saline only served as a control
When aPrV vaccine was supplemented with GSLS (6 μg) or Se (2 μg), gB-specific antibody response numerically increased in comparison with aPrV vaccine diluted in saline
Summary
Pseudorabies (Pr), known as Aujeszky’s disease, is caused by pseudorabies virus (PrV) and it is a highly contagious infectious disease that primarily affects swine, but is fatal in dogs with signs similar to rabies. An official document of the Chinese government has listed Pr as a priority infectious disease that needs to be controlled and eradicated in swine breeding farms by the end of 2020 [5]. Vaccination of swine with attenuated live or inactivated vaccines is commonly practiced on majority of swine farms [6,7,8]. Live vaccines have been documented to be more efficacious than inactivated vaccines [5, 9]. In China, an attenuated live pseudorabies virus (aPrV) vaccine has been widely used in the control and eradication programs on swine farms since the 1990s. Incomplete protection against Pr after vaccination has been reported due to poor immune response to vaccines in recent years [2, 8, 10,11,12]
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