Abstract
The mechanism of bacterial damage under visible-light-driven photo-inactivation system was attempted. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) were firstly used to identify changes in biophysical properties, such as cellular height, roughness, adhesion, and modulus, and 3D cellular structure of microbial cells under visible-light-responsive N-TiO2 inactivation. Results revealed that the cell adhesion of N-TiO2 occurred immediately upon light irradiation then N-TiO2 particles penetrated the cell membrane, and deformed the cellular structure at the beginning of log phase under photocatalytic inactivation. The destruction of the outer cellular caused leakage of cellular K+ and lipid peroxidation, which ultimately brought about severe decrease in cell density. AFM and TXM provided direct observations on interactions between single cell and nano-materials at the nanoscale, which was useful for the early diagnosis of cell damage.
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