A smart charging algorithm for integration of EVs in providing primary reserve as manageable demand-side resources

Abstract

Summary In this paper an efficient algorithm for simultaneous scheduling of energy and primary reserve with the presence of smart electric vehicles in the system is discussed. It is proposed that the system operator uses the electric vehicles (EVs) as alternative resources of primary reserve in the power system. The proposed model deals with the effect of generation scheduling on the EV charging schedules and primary reserve capacities. In fact, the amount of primary reserve provided by EVs is highly related to the EV's charging schedules. Therefore, in this paper a smart charging algorithm is also proposed that is based on direct load control of EVs by the system operator. The proposed scheme would be applicable with the lowest intelligence level and will not impose extra investment cost to the EV owners. All the nonlinear constraints included in the primary reserve scheduling are linearized to be solvable by mixed integer linear programming method. A case study on IEEE RTS79 system with 30% EV penetration is used to illustrate the feasibility and acceptable performance of the proposed method. The influence of EVs' participation on operation costs, load curve, and EV bills is discussed.