A Single-Center Case Series of Endoscopically Treated Aorto-Gastrointestinal Fistula after Endovascular Aortic Repair: Surgery Is Still the Only Valid Solution

Abstract

Introduction: Aortoesophageal fistula (AEF) is a life-threatening complication associated with endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) and occurs mostly in patients who undergo thoracic EVAR (TEVAR). To date, surgical treatment of AEF has been considered the most promising therapeutic approach. New endoscopic techniques could contribute to the therapy of AEF. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcome after endoscopic treatment of EVAR-associated AEF. Methods: All patients who received endoscopic diagnostics and/or therapy for AEF after EVAR/TEVAR in our center between 2010 and 2019 were evaluated. Results: Seven suitable patients were included. Six of them had undergone TEVAR and 1 had EVAR. Fistula occurred at an average of 307 days (range 21–2,774 days) post-EVAR. Endoscopic treatment was performed on 4 patients by using an over-the-scope clip (OTSC®). However, fistula recurred in all patients who were initially treated endoscopically. They were then treated either by sequential application of further OTSCs® or by implantation of a fully coated, self-expanding metal stent. One of these patients underwent a partial esophageal resection in a subsequent treatment approach. All patients died during the observational period, 5 as a direct consequence of the AEF/aortoduodenal fistula and 2 due to comorbidities. The median survival time after fistula occurrence was 120 days (range 5–823 days). Conclusion: Endoscopic treatment of AEF with OTSC® should be considered as a possible interim solution, especially in patients with severe comorbidities. However, surgical remediation still appears to be the only procedure with intermediate to long-term therapeutic success.