Abstract
In this paper, the concept of active cell-balancing technique, by using a multiple-outputs double-forward converter for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, is investigated. It controls two times more cells than secondaries, and it equalizes eight cells in a series. In this method, four secondaries can reasonably be wound with the same back electromotive force (EMF). This means a low pin count on the transformer and a low bill of materials (BOM). The bridge uses four N-channel MOSFETs as switches, which means two times fewer transistors than cells, resulting in fewer switching losses. This scheme is applied for controlling the minimum voltage among the cells of the lithium-ion battery. It uses a multi-winding transformer based on a forward double converter structure. Conventional schemes using a multi-winding transformer for electric vehicles (EVs) require an equal number of secondaries per cell. This scheme requires one secondary for two adjacent cells, thus the number of secondaries is reduced by a factor of two. Also, the redistribution of charge from a high cell to a low cell does not require many switching components and little intelligence to determine low cell voltage detection. The basic principle of this method is to use the overall battery pack voltage as a reference to supply individual cells, using a forward converter containing a transformer with a well-chosen winding ratio. The experimental and simulation results are performed to verify the feasibility of the proposed system.
Highlights
IntroductionLithium-ion batteries are widely used due to their low self-discharging rate, a high number of cycles, lower weight, no memory effects, and high energy density [1–5]
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used due to their low self-discharging rate, a high number of cycles, lower weight, no memory effects, and high energy density [1–5]. They have many advantages and they are applied in many applications, such as electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), electric scooters (ESs), electric bikes, and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) [6–8]
Some calculations were driven to estimate the amount of dead time that would be required to avoid saturation
Summary
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used due to their low self-discharging rate, a high number of cycles, lower weight, no memory effects, and high energy density [1–5]. The active balancing technique is used to overcome the problem of energy losses It equalizes battery cells by transferring charge from higher cells to lower cells. This technique requires one secondary and one switch per cell, so the number of secondaries and switches are two times more compared to the proposed circuit shown. The main suitability of this paper is that the number of secondary windings is reduced by the factor of two by using a double-forward converter It results in a cost-effective, more efficient, and less complicated circuit. The number of switches is reduced, resulting in a simpler control and fewer losses
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