A Single Chip LiNbO₃ Photonic 2D Electric Field Sensor Using Two Perpendicular Electrodes

Abstract

A lithium niobate (LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) single chip two dimensional (2D) electric field sensor has been proposed, fabricated and experimentally demonstrated. Two perpendicular electrodes are designed and fabricated on an optical waveguide asymmetric dual parallel Mach-Zehnder interferometer (ADMZI). Experimental results demonstrate that the sensor can be used to detect the two field components of a transient pulsed electric field simultaneously. The minimum/maximum detectable electric fields for the sensor <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> axes are 5 kV/m, 140 kV/m and 10 kV/m, 106 kV/m respectively for measuring the nanosecond and lightning electromagnetic pulse (EMP) in the time domain. In addition, the frequency response deviation is ±2.5 dB for the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> axis from 10 kHz to 1 GHz and for the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> axis from 100 kHz to 1 GHz.