A Simultaneous Optical and X‐Ray Variability Study of the Orion Nebula Cluster. I. Incidence of Time‐correlated X‐Ray/Optical Variations

Abstract

We present a database of $BVRI$ time-series photometry of the Orion Nebula Cluster obtained with two ground-based telescopes at different longitudes to provide simultaneous coverage with the 13-d Chandra observation of the cluster. The resulting database of simultaneous optical and X-ray light curves for some 800 pre--main-sequence (PMS) stars represents, by a factor of hundreds, the largest synoptic, multi--wavelength-regime, time-series study of young stars to date. This database will permit detailed analyses of the relationship between optical and X-ray variability among a statistically significant ensemble of PMS stars, with the goal of elucidating the origins of PMS X-ray production. In this first paper, we present the optical observations, describe the combined X-ray/optical database, and perform an analysis of time-correlated variability in the optical and X-ray light curves. We identify 40 stars (representing 5% of our study sample) with possible time-correlated optical and X-ray variability. Examples of both positive and negative time-correlations are found, possibly representing X-ray flares and persistent coronal features associated with both cool and hot surface spots (i.e. magnetically active regions and accretion shocks). We also find two possible examples of white-light flares coincident with X-ray flares; these may correspond to the impulsive heating phase in solar-analog flares. However, though interesting, these represent unusual cases. More generally, we find very little evidence to suggest a direct causal link between the sources of optical and X-ray variability in PMS stars. The conclusion that accretion is a primary driver of X-ray production in PMS stars is not supported by our findings.