A simulation model of biological control of social wasps (Vespinae) using mermithid nematodes

Abstract

The nematode (Pheromermis spp.) is a potential biocontrol agent for wasps (Vespula spp.) in countries where invasive populations of wasps cause serious economic, social, and conservation problems. Using a simulation model previously developed for hornets, which belong to a genus with a similar biology to Vespula, we investigated the possibility of using nematodes as a biological control agent. The model wasp colony was exposed to different simulated levels of nematode infection during colony development, and the final number of wasp sexuals produced recorded. The model predicted that early and high levels of wasp infection had the greatest effect on reducing sexual production. However, even colonies with high (80%) levels of infection were still able to produce some sexuals, indicating that wasp colonies are resilient to infections. The model identified several key areas needing further research, including the effects of nematodes on the behaviour and physiology of wasps, of lengthening the infective period, and of increasing infection levels in both the wasps and intermediate transport hosts.