Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a simplified methodology that will produce Monte Carlo (MC) dose distribution for proton therapy which can be used as a clinical aid in determining the adequacy of proton plans produced from the treatment planning system (TPS). The Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit was used for all simulations. The geometry of the double scatter nozzle in the simulation was a simplification of the treatment nozzle. The proton source was modeled as discrete energy layers, each with a unique energy distribution and weighting factor. The simplified MC system was designed to give the same dose distribution as the measured data used to commission the TPS. After the simplified MC system was finalized, a series of verification comparisons were made between it, measurements, and the clinically used TPS. Comparisons included the lateral profile of a stair‐shaped compensator that simulated a sharp lateral heterogeneity and depth‐dose measurements through heterogeneous materials. The simplified MC system matched measurements to within 2% or 2 mm for all commissioning data under investigation; moreover, the distal edge and lateral penumbra was within 1 mm of the measurements. The simplified MC system was able to better reproduce the measured profiles for a stair‐shaped compensator than the TPS. Both MC and TPS matched the measured depth dose through heterogeneous materials to within 2% or 2 mm. The simplified MC system was straightforward to implement, and produced accurate results when compared to measurements. Therefore, it holds promise as a clinically useful methodology to validate the relative dose distribution of patient treatment plans produced by the treatment planning systems.PACS number: 87.55.K‐, 87.55.ne
Highlights
Errors; a robust Monte Carlo simulation of the treatment has the potential to enhance the accuracy of proton planning and delivery
Some investigators have developed customized Monte Carlo dose calculation systems to increase the confidence in treatment delivery and machine performance, while others have developed simplified calculation systems based on Monte Carlo data.[4,8,9,10,11] These systems are of clinical use only to their institutions and are very time consuming to implement
We have shown that the Monte Carlo system we developed produces accurate results in a water phantom
Summary
Errors; a robust Monte Carlo simulation of the treatment has the potential to enhance the accuracy of proton planning and delivery. Some investigators have developed customized Monte Carlo dose calculation systems to increase the confidence in treatment delivery and machine performance, while others have developed simplified calculation systems based on Monte Carlo data.[4,8,9,10,11] These systems are of clinical use only to their institutions and are very time consuming to implement. Due to these limitations and the possible clinical impact on our patients being treated with proton therapy, we undertook this project. As we will show in this manuscript, one can accurately use Monte Carlo to reproduce the relative dose from the proton therapy unit with a simplified geometry, and use most of the computational time for calculation in the complex target environment (i.e., the patient)
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