Abstract
as injection into liquids is a common operation employed in many chemical and process engineering applications, such as bubble formation at spargers and single orifi ces in many different gas-liquid contactors. It is well known that both the bubble size and gas held up in a bubble column are important factors, which infl uence the gas-liquid mass transfer, liquid mixing, and residence time of gas and liquid. It is thus essential to estimate the volume of bubbles formed at an orifi ce and to determine factors that can infl uence the bubble size. Many theories on bubble formation have been proposed with experi-mental verifi cations, most of these experiment set-ups consisted of a test chamber with an orifi ce on the bottom plate and a gas chamber attach beneath the orifi ce. Gas is forced to form bubbles at the orifi ce via the gas chamber. It is well known that the gas chamber has a signifi cant effect on bubble formation. The operat-ing conditions can be divided into three regions, namely constant fl ow, intermediate and constant pressure conditions, based on a dimensionless parameter,
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